Author, non-English language naming conventions
Multiple sources by the same author
Place of publication, multiple given
Secondary referencing (citing authors whose original work you have not read)
AI (see Generative AI services)
Architectural drawings (unpublished)
Chapter in an edited book or reader
Computer program / software / source code
Conference proceedings / paper / presentation
Discussion board message (Learning Central)
Edited reproduction of original work
Encyclopaedia / dictionary entry
International Court of Justice (ICJ) cases
Post-print journal article e.g. ORCA
]]>If you're completely new to the Cardiff Harvard style, we have created a tutorial which introduces you to the fundamental elements of the style. The tutorial also gives you the opportunity to put what you learn into practice and to test your understanding.
You can work through the tutorial here, or click the following link to view the tutorial in a new window: Cardiff Harvard tutorial
If you would like to provide feedback on this resource, or suggest examples for inclusion, please complete the following form.
For specific referencing queries, you can contact your Subject librarian.
Place of publication, multiple
Secondary Referencing (citing authors whose original work you have not read)
AI (see Generative AI Services)
Computer program / software / source code
Conference proceedings and papers
Discussion board message (Learning Central)
Encyclopaedia / dictionary entry
Healthcare guidelines (NICE/NHS)
Post-print journal article e.g. ORCA
]]>If you're completely new to the Cardiff Vancouver style, we have created a tutorial which introduces you to the fundamental elements of the style. The tutorial also gives you the opportunity to put what you learn into practice and to test your understanding.
You can work through the tutorial here, or click the following link to view the tutorial in a new window: Cardiff Vancover tutorial
If you would like to provide feedback on this resource, or suggest examples for inclusion, please complete the following form.
For specific referencing queries, you can contact your Subject librarian.
DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
Multiple sources by the same author
AI (see Generative AI services)
Architectural drawings (unpublished)
Archival material & manuscripts
Conference proceedings and papers
Encyclopedia / dictionary entry
Interpretation panels and leaflets
Interviews and other personal communications
]]>
If you're completely new to the MHRA style, we have created a tutorial which introduces you to the fundamental elements of the style. The tutorial also gives you the opportunity to put what you learn into practice and to test your understanding.
You can work through the tutorial here, or click the following link to view the tutorial in a new window: MHRA tutorial
If you would like to provide feedback on this resource, or suggest examples for inclusion, please complete the following form.
For specific referencing queries, you can contact your Subject librarian.
Brackets around dates in law report citations
Footnotes, citing another footnote
Footnotes, multiple sources supporting the same idea
Footnotes, shortcut to creating them in Word
Footnotes, subsequent footnote references
Judgments, which is the most authoritative law report to cite?
Pinpointing text (referring to a specific page or paragraph)
Secondary referencing, judgment citing another judgment
Secondary referencing, secondary source citing another secondary source
Tables and lists in PhD theses
Court of Justice of the European Union judgments and opinions
European Court of Human Rights judgments
European Union Regulations, Directives and Decisions
European Union Treaties and Protocols
International Court of Justice and Permanent Court of International Justice
International and regional treaties
AI (see Generative AI services)
Emails, letters and conversations
Encyclopaedias, including looseleaf encyclopaedias
Hansard and Select Committe reports
House of Commons and House of Lords Library publications
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology publications
]]>
If you would like to provide feedback on this resource, or suggest examples for inclusion, please complete the following form.
For specific referencing queries, you can contact your Subject librarian.
AI (see Generative AI services)
Conference proceedings (paper presented at a conference)
]]>If you're completely new to the IEEE style, we have created a tutorial which introduces you to the fundamental elements of the style. The tutorial also gives you the opportunity to put what you learn into practice and to test your understanding.
You can work through the tutorial here, or click the following link to view the tutorial in a new window: IEEE tutorial
If you would like to provide feedback on this resource, or suggest examples for inclusion, please complete the following form.
For specific referencing queries, you can contact your Subject librarian.
Where the name of an organisation is an acronym or abbreviation, provide the full name of the organisation along with the abbreviation in square brackets in your reference list.
The first time you cite provide the full name of the organisation followed by the standard acronym or abbreviation in square brackets.
For any subsequent citations to the same organisation in your document, just give the abbreviation.
(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] 2014)
(NICE 2014)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. 2014. Guide to the process of technology appraisal. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg19/chapter/acknowledgements [Accessed 8 March 2019].
Your reference should contain the following information:
Include the URL and accessed date only if you accessed the act online.
In your citation provide the name of the act in italics and the year.
(Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001)
Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. c. 2. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2001/10/contents [Accessed: 15 July 2021].
For an advertisement in a magazine you should include:
An online magazine must also include this information:
Advertisements for Oodles in National Geographic Traveller (2023)...
National Geographic Traveller. 2023. Oodles [Advertisement]. 6 April, p. 24.
National Geographic Traveller. 2023. Oodles [Advertisement]. 6 April, p. 24. Available at https://www-pressreader-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/uk/national-geographic-traveller-uk/20230406/page/6 [Accessed: 26 April 2023].
For an advertisement seen on a billboard / street, include the type of advert and the location where you saw it:
English heritage (2023)…
English Heritage. 2023. Pendennis Castle [Advertisement]. Bus shelter, Bickland Water Road, Falmouth, Cornwall. 26 April.
For an advertisement on television, you should include:
The John Lewis (2022) Christmas advertisement was…
John Lewis. 2022. The Beginner. [Advertisement on ITV], 10 November.
For an online advertisement e.g. seen on a website, please include:
The Cancer Research UK (2023) advertisement…
Cancer Research UK. 2023. Race for Life [Advertisement]. Available at: https://www.walesonline.co.uk/ [Accessed: 26 April 2023].
You should include a citation to the ancient source, as you are discussing it in the text. Provide the name of the:
If you are accessing the source from a modern translation or reproduction, don't include the year of publication of the modern work in your citation.
In your list of references, include the following:
Check with your School to see if you should list ancient sources separately to your other references.
The names of ancient authors and their works may be abbreviated, following the guidance in the Oxford Classical Dictionary.
(Tacitus, Histories, 2.1.111)
(Cicero, On the republic, 1.11)
Cicero, On the republic, translated by Fott, D. 2014. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Tacitus, Histories, translated by Fyfe, W.H. 1912. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Available at: https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/16927/pg16927-images.html [Accessed: 25 November 2021].
To reference an entire anthology you should include the following:
Some researchers have argued (Ferguson et al. 2005) that communication should be...
Research by Ferguson et al. (2005) suggest that...
Ferguson, M.W., Salter, M.J. and Stallworthy, J. eds. 2005. The Norton anthology of poetry. 5th ed. New York: Norton.
It is likely that you will be citing a specific poem or poems from an anthology. In such cases you should also include the author and title of the poem:
Beowulf. 2005. In: Ferguson, M.W., Salter, M.J and Stallworthy, J. eds. The Norton anthology of poetry. 5th ed. New York: Norton.
Yeats, W.B. 2005. When you are old. In: Ferguson, M.W., Salter, M.J and Stallworthy, J. eds. The Norton anthology of poetry. 5th ed. New York: Norton.
Your reference should include:
Health Education Thames Valley and Health Education Wessex. 2014. Adult drug calculations UK. Version 2.0. [iOS app]. gomo learning Limited. [Accessed: 20 April 2016].
For architectural drawings, follow the same template as for art work including the following information:
(Smith 2016)
Smith, J. 2016. Building drawing plan 23 [Drawing]. Smith's Architectual Practice, Brighton.
For archival material you need to include the following information:
For multi-page manuscripts, add the folio number of the part you are quoting or paraphrasing to your citation e.g. fols. 25r-27v.
(Castle and Bottomley, pp. 3-4)
Scott-Ellis (1939-1940, fol. 26v)
Thomas (1916)
Castle, B.A. and Bottomley, A.G. 1965. Aid to Zambia. Cabinet papers of Harold Wilson 1964-1970 Cab. 129/120, C. (65) 20, National Archives, London. Available at: http://filestore.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pdfs/large/cab-129-120.pdf [Accessed: 15 March 2022].
Scott-Ellis, P. 1939-1940. Diary, 20 December 1939-26 June 1940. Diaries of Priscilla Scott-Ellis 1916-1983 415/7, Cardiff University Special Collections and Archives, Cardiff.
Thomas, E. 1916. Letter from Edward Thomas to Robert Frost, 27 April 1916. Papers of Edward Thomas 424/1/1/01/6/7, Cardiff University Special Collections and Archives, Cardiff.
For a work of art, include the following information:
(Renoir 1874)
(Sisley 1897)
Renoir, P-A. 1874. La Parisienne [Oil on canvas]. National Museum Wales, Cardiff.
Sisley, A. 1897. The cliff at Penarth, evening, low tide [Oil on canvas]. Available at: https://museum.wales/collections/online/object/0adf73b0-fa07-314d-a192-93e527643203/The-Cliff-at-Penarth-evening-low-tide/ [Accessed: 3 February 2022].
In your reference list you should include the following:
The traits highlighted by Zenger et al. (2009) suggest that...
Some researchers have argued (Zenger et al. 2009) that motivation should be...
Zenger, J. Folkman, J. and Edinger, S. 2009. The Inspiring Leader [audio book version]. Narrated by Adamson, R. New York: McGraw Hill. Available at: https://learning.oreilly.com/videos/the-inspiring-leader/9781639293049/ [Accessed: 17 April 2023].
You can check how to cite and reference authors with non-English language names in Pears, R. Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. London: Palgrave, pp. 12-15.
If there is no author of the book or web you would like to reference, it is acceptable to reference the source by its title. In your bibliography, slot the reference into your alphabetical list according to the title.
A work with no author would be cited in your text by using the title and the publication year.
(Oxford English Dictionary 1989)
Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
If you are referencing a publication such as a newspaper article or journal article which has no author, then use the title of the newspaper or journal instead.
In your citation use the title of the publication, in italics, then the year.
(South Wales Echo 2012)
South Wales Echo. 2012. Students 'more career driven'. 8 February 2012, p. 13.
If the work has two authors, give both in your citation and reference. You should also include both authors' names when citing the work in your text.
Some researchers have argued (Lancaster and Massingham 1993) that communication should be...
Research by Lancaster and Massingham (1993) suggests that...
Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. 1993. Marketing management. London: McGraw-Hill.
If you are citing a work with three or more authors in your text, just give the first author's name and use et al. (and others) to indicate that there are more authors. et al, is not placed in italics in Cardiff Harvard, but it wouldn't be incorrect form to use italics if this is preferred, as long as it is consistently applied.
In your references list at the end of your work, you should provide the family names and initials of all the authors listed, up to a maximum of seven. If there are eight or more authors, you can just give the first author's family name and use et al. (and others) to indicate that there are more than seven authors.
Some researchers have argued (Dalton et al. 2021) that communication should be...
Research by Jenkins et al. (2021) suggests that...
Dalton, G. et al. 2015. Economic and socio-economic assessment methods for ocean renewable energy: Public and private perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45, pp. 850-873. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.068
Jenkins, K.E.H., Sovacool, B.K., Mouter, N., Hacking, N., Burns, M-K. and McCauley, D. 2021. The methodologies, geographies, and technologies of energy justice: A systematic and comprehensive review. Environmental Research Letters 16(4), 043009. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abd78c
When referencing a blog you need to include the following in your reference:
(Bradley 2016)
Bradley, P. 2016. Google's fake news link. Phil Bradley's weblog 15 November. Available at: http://www.philbradley.typepad.com/ [Accessed: 3 January 2017].
All the information you need to reference a book is usually on the front and back of the title page. This is normally one of the first pages inside the book and has the copyright information on the reverse.
You need to include the following information:
Some researchers have argued (Potts 2002) that communication should be...
Research has indicated (Swanson 2014) that...
If you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarising from a specific page or page range, include those page number(s) in your citation:
Potts (2002, p. 3) argues that communication should be...
Research by Swanson (2014, pp. 3-5) suggests that...
Potts, D. 2002. Project planning and analysis for development. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner.
Swanson, T. 2014. Obscure references: a librarian's guide to citing things right. 5th ed. New York: Thyme.
Some books may have both an author and an editor. An example might be a book in which the writings of, say, a historical philosopher have been edited by a modern editor.
In such cases you should provide the following details.
(Bentham 2005)
Bentham, J. 2005. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Edited by Burns, J. H. and Hart, H. L. A. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
If you are quoting the introduction to a book like a collection of essays (or a novel, or a play) where the introduction was written by an editor or contributor rather than by the author of the collection, then you need to reference the introduction separately. You can treat it similarly to a chapter in an edited book or reader.
You need to include the following information:
As stated by Ryan (2005)...
(Ryan 2005)
Ryan, K. 2005. Introduction. In: Shakespeare, W. King Lear. London: Penguin Books, pp. xxi-lxiv
Cite and reference programmes you've accessed via Box of Broadcasts in the same way as you would for a television programme you've viewed online elsewhere.
Your in-text citation should state the title of the episode followed by the year of broadcast.
(Patisserie week 2016)
Patisserie week. 2016. The Great British Bake Off. Series 11, episode 9. BBC One, 19 October. Available at: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29 [Accessed: 19 October 2016].
An online summary or overview report from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) web site can be referenced in a similar way to a web page. A print version would be similar to a report. You will need to include the following:
If online, include a doi or URL and accessed date:
or
If it’s a print version, add the publisher and place of publication instead of a DOI/URL and accessed date:
(Office for National Statistics 2022)
Office for National Statistics. 2022. How the population changed in Rhondda Cynon Taf: Census 2021. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/W06000016/ [Accessed: 22 December 2025].
Office for Population Censuses and Surveys. 1973.Census 1971, England and Wales: county report / Radnorshire. Part 1. London: HMSO.
If you have accessed a dataset from an online collection such as the UK Data Service, include the following:
or
According to the Census 2011 (Office for National Statistics 2022), the number of dependents living in households in Wales where at least one member of the household has a long term health problem or disability…
Office for National Statistics. 2022.Dependent children by number of people with a long-term health problem or disability 2011. UK Data Service. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/census/aggregate-2011-2.
Office for National Statistics. 2021. Pontypridd Senedd constituency. Census 2021: Build a custom area profile. Available at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/customprofiles/draw/ [Accessed: 10 January 2024].
Some books are comprised of chapters written by different individuals, usually overseen by an editor. To reference a specific chapter, you should include the following:
In your text, you would cite this using the author of the chapter you are referring to.
(Knudsden 2003)
Knudsden, H. 2003. European works councils: a difficult question for trade unions. In: Foster, D. and Scott, P. eds. Trade unions in Europe: meeting the challenge. Brussels: Peter Lang, pp. 145-166.
Some books are comprised of chapters written by different individuals, usually overseen by an editor. To reference the introduction, you should include the following:
As stated by Parker and Wallace (2023)...
(Parker and Wallace 2023)
Parker, K and Wallace, M.L. 2023. Introduction. In: Parker, K and Wallace, M.L eds. Teaching the eighteenth century now: Pedagogy as ethical engagement. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, pp. 1-13.
To reference an entry from a chemical or drug database such as ChemSpider, PubChem or Drugbank Online you should include:
National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2017. 8-Morpholino-caffeine, CID=35697. PubChem. Available at: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/35697 [Accessed: 2 January 2017].
Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015. Paracetamol, CSID=1906. ChemSpider. Available at: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1906.html [Accessed: 22 May 2017].
Wishart, D.S. et al. 2021. Trimethoprim, DB00440. Drugbank Online. Available at: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00440 [Accessed: 5 November 2021].
To reference an entry from a clinical trials database such as ISRCTN Registry or ClinicalTrials.gov you should include:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number that provides a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
ISRCTN Registry. 2017. ISRCTN14142433, Dichotic listening training, compensatory strategies and combined therapies on listening abilities of pupils with auditory processing disorders. doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN14142433
ClinicalTrials.gov. 2016. NCT02963740, Feasibility of high levels of energy expenditure from physical activity for breast cancer survivors. Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02963740 [Accessed: 18 October 2017].
To reference a Cochrane review article you will need to record the following information:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
(Magni et al. 2013)
Magni L.R. et al. 2013. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 7, CD004185. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004185.pub3.
Your reference should include:
(Smith 2011)
Smith, J. 2011. GraphicsDrawer source code. Version 2.0. [Source code]. Available at: http://www.graphicsdrawer.com [Accessed: 10 August 2016].
When referencing the print copy of a conference proceeding, you should include the following information:
Use the Editor name and date in your citation.
(Redknapp et al. 2001)
Redknap, M., Edwards, N. Youngs, S., Lane, A. and Knight, J.K. eds. 2001. Pattern and purpose in Insular art. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art. National Museum & Gallery, Cardiff 3–6 September 1998. Oxford: Oxbow.
If no editor is listed, you should use the title of the conference instead.
In your citation, write the title of the conference proceeding in italics.
(Building on the evidence 1999)
Building on the evidence: proceedings of the second conference on evidence-based Practice. 1999. 16-17 April 1999. Norwich: Norfolk Healthcare Trust.
If you are referencing an individual paper within the conference proceedings, you should include the following information:
(Fledelius 2000)
Fledelius, H.C. 2000. Myopia and significant visual impairment: global aspects. In: Lin, L.L.-K., Shih, Y.-F. and Hung, P.T. eds. Myopia Updates II: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia. Taipei, 17-20 November, 1998. Tokyo: Springer, pp. 31-37.
For conference papers published in a journal you should include:
(Liebert et al. 2016)
Liebert, C.A., Mazer, L. Bereknyei Merrell, S., Lin, D.T. and Lau, J.N.
2016. Student perceptions of a simulation-based flipped classroom for the surgery clerkship: A mixed-methods study (from the 8th Annual Meeting of the Consortium of American College of Surgeons-accredited Education Institutes, Chicago, 13-14 March 2015). Surgery 160(3), pp. 591-598. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.03.034
For conference papers or presentations which have not been published in a journal or proceedings you should include:
If the paper/presentation is available online, you should provide the URL or DOI if available. For more information on DOIs see Journal article.
(Drabinski 2022)
(Ghazvini et al. 2013)
Drabinski, E. 2022. Structure and power: information literacy for liberation. LILAC. Manchester Metropolitan University, 11-13 April 2022. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ztq_tjtl4zg [Accessed: 9 May 2022].
Ghazvini, M. Abbaspour-Teharani-Fard, A., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M. and Othman, M.M. 2013. Optimizing size and operation of hybrid energy systems. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO). Langkawi; Malaysia, 3-4 June 2013. IEEE. doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564598
Sometimes you will need to reference material that you cannot fully identify in your work for reasons of confidentiality. When including such information in academic work (or reference lists/ appendices) you must still cite and reference it but you should ensure that the author cannot be identified. You should include the following information:
Prevalence data from the local health board indicate a 10% reduction in attendance for routine diabetes screening (Health/Care Organisation (name withheld) 2014)
Some researchers have argued ...(Company A 2007)
Health/Care Organistion (name withheld). 2014. Annual rates for uptake of diabetes screening services. Name withheld.
Company A. 2007. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Unpublished confidential document.
An organisation may be the "author" of a work, instead of a named individual. In these cases, you can use the organisation name in place of the author name.
In your written work, cite the organisation and year.
(Welsh Government 2012)
Welsh Government. 2012. A living language: a language for living. Welsh language strategy 2012-2017. Available at: http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf [Accessed: 3 January 2017].
If there is no date of publication, put [no date] in the reference.
You should cite within your text in the same way.
(Horsfall [no date])
Horsfall, N. [no date]. A companion to the study of Virgil. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
If a book has been through several editions there may be several copyright dates on the back of the title page. You should take the latest date as your publication date - this is the publication date of the book you are holding.
Be sure to take the latest publication date, not the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint is not a new edition.
When referencing a message on a discussion board in a Virtual Learning Environment e.g. Learning Central, include the following details:
(Smith 2016)
Smith, A. 2016. Quality of Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia debate discussion board. In: Study Skills 12 June. Available at: http://cue.cf.ac.uk [Accessed: 3 January 2017].
If you are referencing a message from a discussion list or online mailing list, you should include the following information:
For all email references, the title of the message comes from the email subject line.
(Little 2002)
Little, L. 2002. Two new policy briefs. ECPOLICY discussion list 16 April. Available at: http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003.html [Accessed: 8 November 2003].
Some books are comprised of chapters written by different individuals, usually overseen by an editor. To reference a specific chapter, please follow this guidance: Chapter in an edited book or reader
To reference the entire book, you need to include the following information:
(Buckingham 2020)
(Callaghan and Howe 2020)
Buckingham, R. ed. 2020. Martindale: the complete drug reference. 40th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press.
Callaghan, M. and Howe, A. eds. 2020. Romanticism and the Letter. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
For edited reproductions of original work, please include the following information
(Locke, 1982)
Locke, J. 1982. Second treatise of government: Essay concerning the true original extent and end of civil government. Edited by R.H. Cox. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson.
Some books have multiple editions. Where this is the case, it is important to indicate the number of the edition, if it not the first. A newer edition will usually have been substantially revised, so you need to make clear to which edition of the text you are referring.
You should also provide the publication date for the edition which you have consulted.
Nash, E.L. 2000. Direct marketing: strategy, planning, execution. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
Electronic books which display in the same way as their print equivalents i.e. with page numbers, can be cited and referenced in the same way as for print books. If you have accessed an eBook through LibrarySearch which doesn't have page numbers, you can still reference it in the same way as the print equivalent but you should use chapter and paragraph numbers instead of page numbers in your in-text citations. For lengthy chapters where counting paragraphs is impractical you could add a section title or number as well. See the Citation examples on the right.
If you have downloaded an eBook from a web site e.g. eBooks.com or Amazon onto your computer, eReader or mobile device, then include the following:
If you are discussing or quoting a specific part, and the eReader version of the book does not include page numbers, use the chapter and paragraph numbers instead in your citation. For lengthy chapters you could also include a section title or number:
(Howson 2014, chapter 2, Additional source systems, para. 2)
(Roubini and Mihm 2011)
(Smith 2007, chapter 7, para. 4)
Howson, C. 2014. Successful business intelligence: unlock the value of BI and big data [Adobe Digital Editions version]. New York: McGraw Hill Education. Available at: http://www.ebooks.com/330687/successful-business-intelligence/howson-cindi/ [Accessed: 6 October 2011].
Roubini, N. and Mihm, S. 2011. Crisis economics: a crash course in the future of finance [Kindle version]. London: Penguin. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Crisis-Economics-Course-Finance-ebook/dp/B004Y4WMHW/ref=sr_1_7?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1317896488&sr=1-7 [Accessed: 6 October 2011].
Sources such as encyclopaedias and dictionaries, which have many contributors, can be referenced by the title.
So, you should include:
(Oxford English Dictionary 1989)
Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
In general, treat a dictionary or encyclopedia entry as a chapter within an edited book. If a dictionary has no named editor, reference it by its title instead. If there is no author for the entry, treat it as an anonymous work, listing it by the title of the entry.
So, you should include:
Named authors for each entry and an overall editor:
Odell, Jay Scott and Amy K. Stillman 2001. Ukelele. In: New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 2nd edn, Stanley Sadie ed. Oxford University Press, pp. 57-8.
No named authors for individual entries but with an overall editor for the work:
Bacchanalia 1993. In The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300-1990s. J Davidson Reid ed.Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 238-271
No author/ editor:
Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
(Odell and Stillman, 2001)
(Baccanalia, 1993)
(Oxford English Dictionary 1989)
Online sources such as encyclopaedias and dictionaries, which have many contributors, can be referenced by the title and should also include the URL and the date accessed:
(Oxford English Dictionary 2023)
Oxford English Dictionary. 2023. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: https://www.oed.com/dictionary [Accessed: 18 August 2023].
Online sources such as encyclopaedias and dictionaries, which have many contributors, can be referenced by the title and should also include the URL and the date accessed:
Baker House, Seymour 2024.More, Sir Thomas [St Thomas More] (1478-1535). In: Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography. Available at: https://doi-org.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/10.1093/ref:odnb/19191
Oxford English Dictionary. 2023. Available at: https://www.oed.com/ [Accessed: 18 August 2023].
(Baker House, 2024)
(Oxford English Dictionary 2023)
For EU legislation and treaties include the following:
(Consolidated version of the treaty establishing the European Community 2002)
(Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community 2007)
Consolidated version of the treaty establishing the European Community. 2002.
Official Journal C 325, 24 December, pp. 33–184. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:12002E/TXT [Accessed: 13 December 2021].
Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community. 2007. Official Journal C 306, 17 December, pp. 1–271. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT [Accessed: 13 December 2021].
For EU cases include the following:
Further information on citing case-law is available from the Court of Justice of the European Union web site.
(NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration 1963)
NV Algemene Transport- en Expeditie Onderneming van Gend & Loos v Netherlands Inland Revenue Administration. 1963. Case no.C-26/62, ECLI:EU:C:1963:1. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A61962CJ0026 [Accessed: 15 November 2024].
For judgments and legal cases from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) or General Court (GC) you should include:
Further information on citing case-law is available from the Court of Justice of the European Union web site.
Include the paragraph number in your citation:
In Council of the European Union v European Commission (2016, para. 8)...
Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 28 July 2016. Council of the European Union v European Commission, C-660/13, EU:C:2016:616.
For judgments of the European Courts of Human Rights you should include:
Further information on citing ECHR case-law can be found in the Note explaining the mode of citation of the case-law of the Court and the Commission.
In the European Court of Human Rights case Glor v Switzerland 2009...
(Glor v Switzerland 2009)
Glor v Switzerland, no. 1344/04, ECHR 2009.
For films, whether on streaming platforms, DVD, video, or Blu-ray provide the following information:
In your citation, provide the title of the film and the year of distribution.
For television programmes streamed, on DVD or in box sets, see television programme
(Cloud Atlas 2013)
(Dune 2021)
If you are discussing or quoting a particular part of the film, include the time frame in your citation in hours, minutes, seconds. It is enough to only give the timestamp for the beginning of the quote or scene you are describing:
(Cloud Atlas 2013, 00:23:15)
Cloud Atlas. 2013. Directed by Lana Wachowski, Tom Tywker, Lilly Wachowski. [DVD]. New York: Cloud Atlas Productions.
Dune. 2021. Directed by Denis Villeneuve. [Netflix]. Warner Brothers Pictures.
For films on DVD, video, or Blu-ray provide the following information:
In your citation, provide the title of the film and the year of distribution.
For television programmes on DVD or box sets, see television programme
Super size me. 2005. Directed by Morgan Spurlock [DVD]. London: Tartan Video.
(Super size me 2005)
If you are discussing or quoting a particular part of the film, include the time frame in your citation in hours, minutes, seconds:
(Super size me 2005, 01:11:23-01:12:45)
Data obtained from online financial databases such as Datastream or Fame can be referenced as follows:
If you are referencing a piece of information that you have created out of or derived from data on a database, you need to mention this in your reference:
(Datastream 2009)
Datastream. 2009. FTSE 250: LFTSE250. Available at: Datastream database [Accessed: 21 September 2021]
Fame. 2009. Data derived from: Welsh companies with turnover exceeding £10,000. Available at: FAME database [Accessed: 21 September 2021]
When quoting or discussing content generated by an AI service such as Microsoft Copilot, you must cite and reference this in your work. You should also acknowledge when you have used responses to prompts you have entered into a Generative AI tool such as Copilot to write/produce parts of your assignment on your behalf.
If you are going to use Gen AI services such as Microsoft Copilot in your assessed work, please first check with your School what type of use is permitted. Also bear in mind that you should:
Due to the generative nature of the content produced, it is not possible for a reader to follow up or replicate the information. So, when discussing content derived from a Generative AI tool such as Copliot, you should reference it in a similar way as a ‘personal communication’. Include an in-text citation which states the name of the tool you used to generate the content and the year. Then in your references list provide a full reference.
Check with your School to find out how you should discuss or quote prompts and responses in your work. It may be appropriate, in your submitted text, to note the prompts you used to generate relevant learning material in your text.
In an essay on the benefits of AI in education, for example, you might write:
Microsoft Copilot (2025) was asked the following question: ‘what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?’ The response from Copilot included the suggestion that it can assist students by providing quick access to information on their topic and suggesting sources. However, when this initial question was refined to ‘how effective is Copilot at providing references to academic sources?', the response suggested that any sources provided by the service should be verified independently by the user (Microsoft Copilot 2025).
In your references list include:
The above example refers to a response from Copilot and makes use of the material by paraphrasing it. If you are copying directly from a response, you should indicate this is a direct quotation in accordance with the guidance for quotations.
For the purposes of submitting work for anonymous marking, students may replace their name with their student number.
For longer prompts/conversations, you could also include a transcript or screenshot in an appendix.
1. When asked 'what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?', Microsoft Copilot (2025) suggested...
2. A well-known generative AI authoring tool (OpenAI ChatGPT 2023) was asked...
OpenAI ChatGPT. 2023. ChatGPT response to Joanne Smith, 23 March.
Microsoft Copilot. 2025. Copilot response to C123456, 10 September.
If you are referencing content generated using AI by others rather than yourself, you can reference this according to the type of source in which it was found.
For example, if you are incorporating an AI generated image found on a web site, you should reference it as per the advice found in the image example. If quoting or paraphrasing text generated by others which has been reported in a book or journal article, follow the advice for those sources.
In all cases, ensure you make it clear that you are quoting or discussing AI rather than human generated content.
Figure 1: A pug driving a Mini cooper underwater (Griffith 2022)
Griffith, E. 2022. A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E. Available at: https://uk.pcmag.com/graphic-design/143293/which-ai-creates-the-best-and-most-terrifying-art [Accessed: 12 April 2023].
Other reference examples related to Generative AI services:
Image
Journal article
Multiple authors
Personal communication
Interview
Web page
For a printed government publication, you should include:
If there is no identifiable individual author, use the name of the organisation that produced the report.
(European Commission 2004)
European Commission. 2004. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities
For a government publication that you have read online, include the following:
Climate Change Committee (2020)
(Scottish Parliament 2019)
(Welsh Government 2012)
According to the Welsh in Education Strategic Plans Advisory Board (2019)
Climate Change Committee. 2020. Reducing emissions in Wales progress report. Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2021-03/reducing-emissions-in-wales-progress-report.pdf [Accessed: 13 December 2021]
Scottish Parliament. 2019. Period products (free provision) (Scotland) bill. SPICe briefing. Available at: https://sp-bpr-en-prod-cdnep.azureedge.net/published/2019/10/30/Period-Products--Free-Provision---Scotland--Bill/SB%2019-67.pdf [Accessed: 13 December 2021]
Welsh Government. 2012. A living language: a language for living. Welsh language strategy 2012-2017. Available at: http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf [Accessed 18 January 2020].
Welsh in Education Strategic Plans Advisory Board. 2019. Improving the planning of Welsh-medium education. Available at: https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2019-05/improving-the-planning-of-welsh-medium-education.pdf [Accessed: 13 December 2021]
Hansard is the official report of all debates in the House of Commons and House of Lords. When referencing a specific Hansard debate, including the following:
In the House of Commons debate on women's economic empowerment (HC Deb 10 December 2025), several examples of successful local initiatives were mentioned...
According to the Minister for Equalities, Semma Malhotra, "a 5% increase in female employment could boost the economy by up to £125 billion every year" (HC Deb 10 December 2025).
In the debate on the second reading of the bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade (HC 20 February 1807), Wilberforce argued...
HC Deb 10 December 2025. Vol. 777, col. 300. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2025-12-10/debates/71EB2036-0B67-4BF3-A5A9-A45EDE2979FD/Women%E2%80%99SEconomicEmpowerment [Accessed: 6 January 2026].
HC Deb 20 December 1807. Vol. 8, cols. 941-943. Available at: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1807-02-20/debates/e5f769dc-ff95-4ce6-a6e2-85893294935c/SlaveTradeAbolitionBill [Accessed: 6 January 2026].You should include the following information:
If there is no identifiable author use the name of the organisation which produced the guideline. The publisher will be an organisation, such as the NHS, NICE, RCOG (this could be the same as the author).
The place of publication can usually be found in the correspondence address at the end of the guideline. If there is none, use the head office address of the organisation (you may need to Google this).
(NICE 2014)
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. 2016. Oral health for adults in care homes. London: NICE. Available at: nice.org.uk/guidance/ng48 [Accessed: 19 October 2016].
When you need to include an image or table in your work, you can use a figure number or table number to talk about it in your text. For example: As illustrated in Figure 2, the usage of social media has increased since...
Then label your Figure or Table and provide the title followed by the citation. There is no need to add a citation where you discuss the figure or table in the text.
Figure labels usually appear below the figure. Table labels should be displayed above the table.
If you are including a table or figure which you have changed from the original, make sure you explain the nature of your change in the text of your work, and then write 'figure/table adapted from' and the citation after the title.
In your references list, you should provide a full reference appropriate to the type of source the image, figure, or table is from. For example, if referencing an image found in a book, follow the guidelines for referencing a book.
Figure 14. Diagram comparing the Burj Khalifa to other buildings and structures (Astronaut 2010)
Figure 3: Anatomical positional relationship between the ear canal, temporal muscle (temporalis), and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) (Taniguchi et al. 2017)
Table 4: Participants by country (Smith 2022)
Figure 4: Tollhouse plans, St Fagans
Figure 4: Cardiff University (2022)
Figure 2: Block diagram of a microcontroller, figure adapted from Bolton (2015, p. 253)
In your references list, you should provide a full reference appropriate to the type of source the image, figure or table is from.
Astronaut. 2010. Diagram comparing the height of the Burj Khalifa to other buildings and structures. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BurjKhalifaHeight.svg [Accessed: 11 May 2022].
Taniguchi, K., Chiaki, H., Kurosawa, M. and Nishikawa, A. 2017. A novel earphone type sensor for measuring mealtime: Consideration of the method to distinguish between running and meals. Sensors 17(2), p. 252. doi: 10.3390/s17020252
Tollhouse plans, St Fagans. Available at: https://librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk/view/UniversalViewer/44WHELF_CAR/12204017380002420?c=&m=&s=&cv=1&xywh=-772,0,7429,3372&r=0 [Accessed: 12 March 2025].
You should also reference images used in your posters, presentations or video material. You could opt to add a caption for each image you include which provides the reference details. Alternatively, if this is not practical or would be detrimental to the visual integrity of your material, you may opt to credit the images using a short citation and then provide a full reference in a separate list of references. In a video or Powerpoint presentation, this might be separate references section or slide at the end. In a poster presentation, add a box in the corner of the poster, or list them on a separate sheet next to the poster. You should check with your supervisor that your intended method is acceptable.
Your full reference should include information appropriate to the type of source the image, figure, or table is from. For example, if referencing an image found in a book, follow the guidelines for referencing a book. If there is no author for the image, you can use the title given or a brief description instead and then put the year produced.
For an online image, as a minimum include:
Provide a caption near the image which details the full reference of the source it has come from:
Astronaut. 2010. Diagram comparing the height of the Burj Khalifa to other buildings and structures. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BurjKhalifaHeight.svg [Accessed: 12 March 2025].
Sanek10. 2025 Dragonfly. Available at: https://pixabay.com/photos/dragonfly-insect-wings-nature-9326948/ [Accessed: 12 March 2025].
Tollhouse plans, St Fagans. Available at: https://librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk/view/UniversalViewer/44WHELF_CAR/12204017380002420?c=&m=&s=&cv=1&xywh=-772,0,7429,3372&r=0 [Accessed: 12 March 2025].
If you prefer to provide a separate references list at the end of your work, place a citation on or near the image, in the same way as for other sources:
Astronaut (2010)
Tollhouse plans, St Fagans
Provide a list of image references, to match each citation, at the end of your poster, presentation or video appropriate to the type of source the image is from. Write your list in alphabetical order by the author/rightsholder's last name:
Astronaut. 2010. Diagram comparing the height of the Burj Khalifa to other buildings and structures. Available at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BurjKhalifaHeight.svg [Accessed: 11 May 2022].
Tollhouse plans, St Fagans. Available at: https://librarysearch.cardiff.ac.uk/view/UniversalViewer/44WHELF_CAR/12204017380002420?c=&m=&s=&cv=1&xywh=-772,0,7429,3372&r=0 [Accessed: 12 March 2025].
Images, diagrams, graphs or tables created by others are usually protected by copyright. Under educational exceptions in UK copyright legislation, it is usually permissible to use images, tables etc. in non-commercial research or private study, including coursework. The amount of work used must be considered using ‘fair dealing’ guidelines. This means that the amount of work used should be appropriate and reasonable, attributed, and not infringe on the market value of the work.
Images must not be used in published works or made publicly accessible in an electronic or online format without seeking permission from the rightsholder.
However, in some cases the author may state their permission for their work to be re-used or have applied a Creative Commons licence to the image. If you are using an image licensed under Creative Commons in published or publicly accessible work, you should also include a link to the licence in your full reference, after the URL (e.g. licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0). Always check the terms of use to see if permission is granted. If in doubt, contact copyright@cardiff.ac.uk.
To find copyright free images, try using a royalty free image sites such as:
You could also use the Creative Commons search engine.
You should write your reference as follows:
If found online, add the URL and accessed date.
Note the use of square brackets around the year, which is standard convention when citing many types of legal sources.
Add a page number or range to the end of the citation to pinpoint the specific page(s) of the case you are discussing:
In Legality of the threat of use of nuclear weapons [1996] it was argued...
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan: New Zealand intervening) [2014] noted...
Legality of the threat of use of nuclear weapons [1996] (Advisory opinion) ICJ Rep 226. Available at: https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/93 [Accessed: 25 January 2022]
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v Japan: New Zealand intervening) [2014] (Judgement) ICJ Rep 226.
To reference an interview, you should include the following information:
(Smith 2015)
Smith, S. 2015. Interviewed by Iris Jones, 18 November.
For more information on journal articles please see the tutorial What is a journal?
To reference a journal article you will need to record the following information:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. If no DOI is present, simply leave it out. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
(Arabani and Makan 2016)
(Ang and Taylor 2005)
Citations for quotes and paraphrased material should also include a page number, for example:
(Hill-Yardin et al. 2023, p. 5)
(Goodbun 2016, p.3)
Arabani, M. and Makan, P. 2016. Laboratory investigation of rutting and fatigue in glassphalt containing waste plastic bottles. Construction and Building Materials 116, pp. 378-383. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.105.
Goodbun, J. 2016. Mud and modernity. ARENA Journal of Architectural Research 1(1), pp. 1-15. doi: 10.5334/ajar.6.
Hill-Yardin, E., Hutchinson, M.R., Laycock, M.R. and Spencer, S.J. 2023. A Chat(GPT) about the future of scientific publishing. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 110, pp. 152-154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.022.
Ang, L. and Taylor, B. 2005. Managing customer profitability using portfolio matrices. Journal of Database Marketing and Customer Strategy Management 12(4), pp. 298-304.
Use this format if the journal is only available online or differs from its printed equivalent. Otherwise refer to the journal article example above.
When referencing an online-only journal article, you should include the following information:
Some online-only journal articles have no issue or page numbers and so this information can be omitted from the reference if unavailable.
If an article number is provided, include this instead.
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
If the journal article doesn't provide page numbers, you can use a paragraph number in your citation instead, when needed. You can add a short section title for lengthy articles:
(Bainsla and Suresh 2016, p. 3)
(Nakata et al. 2020, Discussion, para. 4)
(Taylor 2020)
Bainsla, L. and Suresh, K.G. 2016. Equiatomic quaternary Heusler alloys: a material perspective for spintronic applications. Applied Physics Reviews 3, 031101. doi: 10.1063/1.4959093
Nakata, T., Doi, A., Uta, D., Yoshimura, M. and Shin, M-C. 2020. Excessive exercise induces cardiac arrhythmia in a young fibromyalgia mouse model. PLoS One 15(9), e0239473. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239473
Taylor, A. 2020. Too often patient concerns over treatment are trivialised or ignored - this must end. Pharmaceutical Journal 305(7943). doi: 10.1211/PJ.2020.20208552
If no doi is available for an online-only journal article, provide the URL and date of access instead.
(Merchant et al. 2007)
Merchant, A.T., Dehgan, M., Behnke-Cook, D. and Anand, S.S. 2007. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutrition Journal 6, 1. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf [Accessed: 28 April 2021].
Sometimes an electronic version of a journal article is accepted for publication and is published online ahead of the print.
So for these articles you can add: [Epub ahead of print].
(Xie et al. 2021)
Xie, S. et al. 2021. Dilated choroidal veins and their role in recurrences of myopic macular neovascularisations. British Journal of Ophthalmology, [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318970
For more information on Journal articles please see the tutorial What is a journal?
To reference a journal article you will need to record the following information:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. If no DOI is present, simply leave it out. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
If the journal article is from an online-only journal, see Online-only journal articles.
Arabani, M. and Makan, P. 2016. Laboratory investigation of rutting and fatigue in glassphalt containing waste plastic bottles. Construction and Building Materials 116, pp. 378-383. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.105
Goodbun, J. 2016. Mud and modernity. ARENA Journal of Architectural Research 1(1), pp. 1-15. doi: 10.5334/ajar.6
Hill-Yardin, E., Hutchinson, M.R., Laycock, M.R. and Spencer, S.J. 2023. A Chat(GPT) about the future of scientific publishing. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 110, pp. 152-154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.022
Ang, L. and Taylor, B. 2005. Managing customer profitability using portfolio matrices. Journal of Database Marketing and Customer Strategy Management 12(4), pp. 298-304.
(Arabani and Makan 2016)
(Ang and Taylor 2005)
Citations for quotes and paraphrased material should also include a page number, for example:
(Hill-Yardin et al. 2023, p. 5)
(Goodbun 2016, p.3)
Please note that there may be many circumstances where is it not appropriate to cite and reference your lectures. Check with your lecturer or tutor before referring to them in your assessed work.
To reference a lecture you have attended, you should include the following information:
(Jackson 2010)
Jackson, C. 2010. Citing and referencing in the Harvard style. [Lecture to BSc Astrology Year 1]. Cardiff University, 14 June 2010.
For lecture notes or presentations provided on a virtual learning environment, such a Learning Central, you should write your reference as follows:
(Jackson 2010)
Jackson, C. 2010. Citing and referencing in the Harvard style. Study skills. Cardiff University. Available at: http://cue.cf.ac.uk [Accessed: 18 June 2010].
References to legal cases or judgments follow a standard format which includes:
The year of publication should be presented in [square brackets] as the year equates to the volume number of the report.
Some law reports do have volume numbers and if this is the case you should provide the following:
This time the year of publication is displayed round brackets.
For guidance on accepted forms of abbreviation for law reports see the Cardiff University Cardiff index to legal abbreviations.
When you are referring to a judge in your work, use their surname followed by J (which stands for judge) e.g. Cheema-Grubb J. If it is stated that the they are a Lord or Lady Justice, use LJ e.g. Thirlwall LJ. If the judge is also a peer (a member of the House of Lords) you should refer to them as Lord or Lady, as appropriate e.g. Lady Rose.
Instead of using an in-text citation in brackets, you should mention the names of the parties involved in the case and the [year] in your sentence:
In the case of The Attorney General v Peck [2020] Thirlwall LJ determined that...
The Attorney General v Peck [2020] EWCA Crim 147
To reference a printed map you will need to record the following information:
(Ordnance Survey 2007)
Ordnance Survey. 2007. Brecon Beacons National Park / Park Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog, sheet OL13, 1:25,000. Southampton: Ordnance Survey (Explorer Series).
To reference a map you have found online or via a database such as Digimap, you will need to record the following information:
In Digimap Roam, details needed for the reference, can be found in the Map Information section. In Data Download select the arrow to the right of any data product name to open an information box.
If you have created a map using data you have downloaded from Digimap, use your own name as the author. Ensure you include the Digimap service you have used to create your map in the reference. A citation file is included with each product you have download to help you. Further examples, are available on the Digimap web site.
(Ordnance Survey 2020)
(Jones, 2020)
Example of digital map accessed using an online service, in this case Digimap:
Ordnance Survey. 2020. The Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul with Ss Dyfrig, Teilo and Euddogwy, 1:1500. OS MasterMap. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ [Accessed: 16 February 2022].
Example of map you have created using map data from Digimap:
Jones, K. 2020. Station Road, Radyr, 1:2,500. OS MasterMap using Digimap Ordnance Survey Collection. Available at: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ [Accessed: 16 February 2022].
To reference the minutes from a meeting, you should provide the following information:
(HM Treasury 2024)
The University Library Service (2024) discussed that the promotion of information literacy is key...
HM Treasury. 2024. Treasury minutes: Government response to the Committee of Public Accounts on the twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, thirtieth and the thirty-second reports from session 2023-4 October 2024. HM Treasury, London. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/treasury-minutes-october-2024 [Accessed: 30 October 2024].
University Library Service. 2024. Minutes of ULS Education and Students Programme Board Meeting 18 September 2024. Cardiff University, Cardiff.
If you have cited multiple works by the same author(s) but were published in different years, arrange these references by the year of publication, beginning with the oldest. If the publications are by the same author(s) in the same year, see below.
If you are including both works in the same citation, list them in chronological order starting with oldest.
(Horne 2016)
(Horne 2017)
(Horne 2016; Horne 2017; Smith 2020)
Horne, G. 2016. Paul Robeson: the artist as revolutionary. London: Pluto.
Horne, G. 2017. The trials of racism and reflection. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.
When citing and referencing sources written by the same author(s) and published in the same year, use the letters a, b, c, etc. after the publication year in both your citation and reference to distinguish between them. Works published by the same author(s) in the same year, are ordered based on which one of the two works is mentioned first in your essay/ dissertation.
If there are more than two authors of both publications, you can use et al. in your citation and reference as advised here.
(Boyne et al. 2002a)
(Boyne et al. 2002b)
Boyne, G.A., Gould-Williams, J.S., Law, J. and Walker, R. 2002a. Best Value-Total Quality Management for Local Government? Public Money & Management 22(3), pp. 9-16. doi: 10.1111/1467-9302.00313
Boyne, G.A., Gould-Williams, J.S., Law, J. and Walker, R. 2002b. Plans, performance information and accountability: the case of Best Value. Public Administration 80(4), pp. 691-710. doi: 10.1111/1467-9299.00324
Occasionally you may need to reference multiple sources, with three or more authors, which have the same first author but different co-authors.
In this case you can continue to follow the model above and use letters after the publication year to distinguish between them.
Multiple instances should be ordered alphabetically by second author and then by year of publication, with the oldest listed first.
(Cichońska et al. 2021a)
(Cichońska et al. 2019)
(Cichońska et al. 2021b)
Cichońska, D., Król, O., Słomińska, E. M., Kochańska, B., Świetlik, D., Ochocińska, J. and Kusiak, A. 2021a. Influence of electronic cigarettes on antioxidant capacity and nucleotide metabolites in saliva. Toxics 9(10), doi: 10.3390/toxics9100263
Cichońska, D., Kusiak, A., Kochańska, B., Ochocińska, J. and Świetlik, D. 2019. Influence of electronic cigarettes on selected antibacterial properties of saliva. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(22), doi: 10.3390/ijerph16224433
Cichońska, D., Kusiak, A., Piechowicz, L. and Świetlik, D. 2021b. A pilot investigation into the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral bacteria. Postepy Dermatologii i Alergologii 38(6), pp. 1092-1098. doi: 10.5114/ada.2020.100335
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Occasionally you may need to reference multiple sources, with three or more authors, which have the same first author but different co-authors.
In this case you can continue to follow the model above and use letters after the publication year to distinguish between them.
Nollett, C., Bartlett, R., Man, R., Pickles, T., Ryan, B. and Acton, J.H. 2019a. How do community-based eye care practitioners approach depression in patients with low vision? A mixed methods study. BMC Psychiatry 19(1), 426. 10.1186/s12888-019-2387-x
Nollett, C. et al. 2019b. Depressive symptoms in people with vision impairment: a cross-sectional study to identify who is most at risk. BMJ Open 9(1), e026163. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026163(Nollett et al. 2019a)
(Nollett et al. 2019b)
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When you need to cite and reference music you have downloaded or streamed, you will need to include the following:
(Sheeran 2013)
(The Killers 2005)
Sheeran, E. 2013. Bloodstream. Available at: https://open.spotify.com/track/5mxTOMM0NiRud8VdBxbA2o [Accessed: 19 January 2022].
The Killers. 2005. Mr. Brightside. Available at: https://music.apple.com/gb/album/mr-brightside-ep/1444412592 [Accessed: 19 January 2022].
For music or other sound recordings on CD or Vinyl, you need to include the following details in your reference:
If the track is from an album, please see advice below.
(Stereophonics 1999)
(Gabriel and Bush 1986)
Stereophonics. 1999. Pick a part that's new [CD]. London: V2.
Gabriel, P. and Bush, K. 1986. Don't give up [Vinyl]. London: Virgin.
]]>
When referencing a track from an album on CD or Vinyl, you should include the following details:
(Porter 2020)
(The Beatles 1979)
(Zeta-Jones and Zellweger 2002)
Porter, G. 2020. Modern day apprentice. All rise [CD]. New York: Blue Note.
The Beatles. 1979. Lucy in the sky with diamonds. Sgt. pepper's lonely hearts club band [Vinyl]. London: Parlophone.
Zeta-Jones, C. and Zellweger, R. 2002. Overture/And all that jazz. Chicago: Music from the Miramax motion picture [CD]. New York: Epic/Sony Music Soundtrax.
When referencing the print copy of a newspaper article, you should include the following information:
Use the author name and date in your citation.
(Benoit 2007)
Benoit, B. 2007. G8 faces impasse on global warming. Financial Times 29 May, p. 9.
When a newspaper article has no author listed, you should use the title of the publication instead.
In your citation, write the title of the newspaper in italics.
(South Wales Echo 2012)
South Wales Echo. 2012. Students 'more career driven'. 8 February, p. 13.
If you are referencing an article from an online edition of a newspaper, you should include the following information:
(Campbell et al. 2017)
Campbell, D. et al. 2017. What does 2017 hold for public services? The Guardian 3 January. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/03/society-2017-prisons-homelessness-welfare-reforms-nhs-social-care [Accessed: 4 January 2017].
To reference an online comment on a newspaper article include the following:
(opie4tea 2024)
opie4tea. 2024. Re: If Farrell hops across Channel RFU must realise the world has moved on [Online comment]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/09/owen-farrell-saracens-rfu-rugby-union [Accessed: 10 January 2024].
If you accessed the article via an online subscription database such as Nexis UK or FT.com, provide the database name instead of the URL.
(Merrick 2017)
Merrick, R. 2017. Brexit talks dealt 'major blow' as top diplomat quits. The Independent 4 January, p. 3. Available at: Nexis UK [Accessed: 4 January 2017].
If you are writing in English but are referring to sources which are written in other languages you should give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language.
(Foucault 1971)
(Thurfjell 1975)
Foucault, M. 1971. L'archéologie du savoir. Paris: NRF/Gallimard.
Thurfjell, W. 1975. Vart har våran doktor tagit vägen? Läkartidningen 72, p. 789.
When referencing non-English language material where the information is written using another alphabet, such as Japanese, you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet.
You only need to put the transliteration in your reference list.
鷲田清一. 2007. 京都の平熱 : 哲学者の都市案内. 東京: 講談社.
(Washida 2007)
Washida, K. 2007. Kyōto no heinetsu: tetsugakusha no toshi annai. Tōkyō: Kōdansha.
Sources which you have read in the English translation are treated differently. In these cases you should include details of the translator and the language from which it had been translated.
(Alberti 1974)
Alberti, L. 1974. Music through the ages. Translated from the Italian, by R. Pierce. London: Cassell. (Originally published in 1968).
Use this format if the journal is only available online or differs from its printed equivalent. Otherwise refer to Journal article.
When referencing an online-only journal article, you should include the following information:
Some online-only journal articles have no issue or page numbers and so this information can be omitted from the reference if unavailable.
If an article number is provided, include this instead.
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093. Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
If the journal article doesn't provide page numbers, you can use a paragraph number in your citation instead, when needed. You can add a short section title for lengthy articles:
(Bainsla and Suresh 2016, p. 3)
(Nakata et al. 2020, Discussion, para. 4)
(Taylor 2020)
Bainsla, L. and Suresh, K.G. 2016. Equiatomic quaternary Heusler alloys: a material perspective for spintronic applications. Applied Physics Reviews 3, 031101. doi: 10.1063/1.4959093
Nakata, T., Doi, A., Uta, D., Yoshimura, M. and Shin, M-C. 2020. Excessive exercise induces cardiac arrhythmia in a young fibromyalgia mouse model. PLoS One 15(9), e0239473. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239473
Taylor, A. 2020. Too often patient concerns over treatment are trivialised or ignored - this must end. Pharmaceutical Journal 305(7943). doi: 10.1211/PJ.2020.20208552
If no doi is available for an online-only journal article, provide the URL and date of access instead.
(Merchant et al. 2007)
Merchant, A.T., Dehgan, M., Behnke-Cook, D. and Anand, S.S. 2007. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutrition Journal 6, 1. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf [Accessed: 28 April 2021].
Sometimes an electronic version of a journal article is accepted for publication and is published online ahead of the print.
So for these articles [Epub ahead of print].
(Xie et al. 2021)
Xie, S. et al. 2021. Dilated choroidal veins and their role in recurrences of myopic macular neovascularisations. British Journal of Ophthalmology, [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318970
When quoting, paraphrasing or summarising a specific passage from a source, you must include the page number or page range that you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarising from in the in-text reference. It is important that page numbers are not just for direct quotes, but are also needed when paraphrasing and summarising.
There are some exceptions to this:
Merchant, A.T., Dehgan, M., Behnke-Cook, D. and Anand, S.S. 2007. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutrition Journal 6, 1. Available at: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf [Accessed: 28 April 2021].
Merchant et al. (2007, para 4)
You should include the following information when referencing a pamphlet:
(Dougan 1955)
Dougan, R. O. 1955. A descriptive guide to twenty Irish manuscripts in the Library of Trinity College Dublin with an appendix of five early Irish manuscripts in the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin: Dublin University Press.
If there is no individual author named, use the name of the organisation instead.
(County Libraries Section of the Library Association 1951)
County Libraries Section of the Library Association. 1951. Reader's guide to books on 'The face of Wales'. Readers guides, New series, No. 12. Nottingham: Library Association.
In your reference you should include:
(Anderson 2001)
(Williams 2004)
Anderson, B. 2001. Device for the damping of vibrators between objects. GB62625858 [Patent].
Williams, M. 2004. Footwear hanger able to support footwear in two different orientations. GB2409807 [Patent].
When referencing personal communication you should include the following details:
(Smith 2019)
(Young 2022)
Smith, K. 2019. Email to Beth Robertson, 14 April.
Young, Z. 2022. Letter to Susan Nicholas, 28 September.
If there is no place of publication, put [no place] in the reference.
Whittlesea, C. and Hodson, K. 2019. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 6th ed. [No place]: Elsevier.
If a book has more than one place of publication listed in the publication details, just give the first one in your reference.
For example, the book Discourse, grammar and ideology: functional and cognitive perspectives by Christopher Hart gives both London and New York as its places of publication.
In this case you can just use London in your reference.
Hart, C. 2014. Discourse, grammar and ideology: functional and cognitive perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
If you are referencing lines from a play, you should include:
Your citation should include (Author Year, Act.scene: line number or number range).
(Shakespeare 1970, 3.1: 208-9)
Shakespeare, W. 1970. Measure for measure. Edited by Houghton, R. E. C. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3.1: 208-9.
If the edition you are referencing does not contain line number, use page numbers instead in both your reference and your citation.
(Delaney 1959, 2.2: p. 83)
Delaney, S. 1959. A taste of honey. London: Methuen, 2.2: p. 83.
When referencing a live performance of a play, you should include the following details:
Your citation should include (Title Year of performance).
(The King and I 2020)
The King and I by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. 2020. Directed by Bart Sher. [Donald Gordon Theatre, Wales Millennium Centre, Cardiff. 15 January].
If you are quoting the introduction to a book like a collection of essays (or a novel, or a play) where the introduction was written by an editor or contributor rather than by the author of the collection, then you need to reference the introduction separately. You can treat it similarly to a chapter in an edited book or reader.
You need to include the following information:
As stated by Ryan (2005)...
(Ryan 2005)
Ryan, K. 2005. Introduction. In: Shakespeare, W. King Lear. London: Penguin Books, pp. xxi-lxiv
For podcasts, you should include:
If no author or presenter is available, put the title of the podcast at the beginning of the reference, followed by the year. In these cases you should the title of the podcast instead of the author in your citation.
(Cox and Ince 2021)
If you are discussing or quoting a particular part of the podcast, include the time frame in your citation in hours, minutes, seconds:
(Cox and Ince 2021, 00:30:05-00:32:57)
Cox, B. and Ince, R. 2021. A history of rock. The infinite monkey cage [Podcast]. 15 February 2021. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000s815 [Accessed: 14 December 2021].
A post-print journal article is the final, corrected and peer-reviewed version of the article, without the publisher's branding. These are sometimes found on institutional repositories e.g. ORCA.
In your reference you should include the following information:
In your citation provide the author and the year.
(Touboulic and Walker 2015)
Touboulic, A. and Walker, H.L. 2015. Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review [Post-print]. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 45(1/2), pp. 16-42. Available at: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/67084/1/Theories%20in%20SSCM%20-%20Manuscript%20post-print.pdf [Accessed: 4 July 2017].
For posters, you should include:
(Robertson 2022)
(Skeen 2022)
Robertson, I. 2022. Avian orientation and navigation [Poster]. MSc Global Ecology and Conservation. Cardiff University, 6 May 2022.
Skeen, N. 2022. Assessing learning for 'one-shot' teaching sessions [Poster]. LILAC. Newcastle University, 8-10 April 2015. Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/assessing-learning-for-one-shot-teaching-sessions-natasha-skeen [Accessed: 9 May 2022].
In your reference list you should include the following:
Some commentators (Fangohr et al. 2015) have pointed out...
The framework developed by Fangohr et al. (2015) suggest that...
(Causo et al. 2022)
Fangohr, H. O'Brien, N., Prabhakare, A. and Kashyap, A. 2015. Teaching Python programming with automatic assessment and freedback provision [Preprint]. Available at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.03556v1.pdf [Accessed: 10 September 2016].
Caruso, D.J., Connolly, M.P., Nguyen, T.Q. and Siegel, J.B. 2022. Computationally designed carbonic anhydrase inhibitors derived from sulfonamides for treatment of glaucoma [Preprint]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.25.529947 [Accessed: 23 May 2023].
For a short quote, enclose the writer's words in double “quotation marks” within your sentence.
Key causes of economic deprivation include low income or unemployment which are often the result of "poor qualification levels and lack of basic skills" (Thake and Saubach 1993, p. 18).
You should distinguish long quotations from the main body of your own writing by indenting the quotation from the left hand margin. A quotation distinguished in this way does not need to be enclosed in quotation marks.
Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House opens with the following description to set the scene for his story:
London, Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets as if the water had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill (Dickens 1853, p. 1).
The tone of this passage gives a detatched, non-committal account of the dreary winter scene...
You can edit quotes in the following ways:
In both cases be careful not to alter the meaning of the quote by removing or adding too many words.
In Magic Realist writing, "the world and reality have a dream-like quality about them which is captured ... in a style that is highly objective, precise, and deceptively simple" (Menton 1982, p. 412).
Although improvements in vehicle efficiency have slowed the rate of emissions, cars still account for for 22 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2), with "emissions predicted [by the U.N] to rise threefold by 2030" (Foley and Fergusson 2003, p. 1).
In Magic Realist writing, "the world and reality have a dream-like quality about them which is captured ... in a style that is highly objective, precise, and deceptively simple" (Menton 1982, p. 412, my italics).
For a radio broadcast, you should include:
(Today 2020)
Today. 2020. BBC Radio 4, 15 August.
For a radio programme accessed via the internet you should include:
(Barack Obama talks to David Olusoga 2020)
If you are discussing or quoting a particular part of the programme, include the time frame in your citation in hours, minutes, seconds:
(Barack Obama talks to David Olusoga 2020, 00:15:03-00:16:15)
Barack Obama talks to David Olusoga. 2020. BBC Radio 4, 20 November. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000q50g [Accessed: 26 November 2020].
When referencing a printed report, you should include the following information:
If there is no identifiable author use the name of the organisation that produced the report.
(European Commission 2004)
European Commission. 2004. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
When referencing a report which you have found online, you should include the following information:
(European Commission 2021)
(Welsh Government 2024)
European Commission. 2021. Monitoring the open access policy of Horizon 2020. Available at: https://op.europa.eu/en/web/eu-law-and-publications/publication-detail/-/publication/56cc104f-0ebb-11ec-b771-01aa75ed71a1 [Accessed: 13 December 2021].
Welsh Government. 2024. Cymraeg 2050: Welsh language strategy. Available at: https://www.gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-12/cymraeg-2050-welsh-language-strategy.pdf [Accessed: 12 September 2025].
When referencing a report which you have found online, you should include the following information:
(Mintel 2014)
Mintel. 2014. Rail travel. Available at: Mintel database [Accessed: 3 January 2017].
When referencing a religious text, such as the Bible or the Qur'an, you should include the following information:
In the citation, page numbers are not required. Instead, the citation should include:
(Holy Bible, Psalm 35:19-20)
(Qur'an, 14:38)
Holy Bible, English standard version, 2018. Wheaton, IL: Crossway.
Qur'an, translated by Ali, A.Y. 2013. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Limited.
Where possible you should aim to reference from the original source. However, sometimes you may need to cite an author whose work you have not personally read, but whose work is presented or summarised by the author of a publication you have consulted.
In your references you should list the source you have actually read.
In your citation, you should include both the primary and secondary source.
Rondinelli (1983), cited in Potts (2002, p. 37), describes the stages of a project...
or
A process project might consist of a number of stages including experimentation and production (Rondinelli 1983, cited in Potts 2002, p. 37).
Potts, D. 2002. Project planning and analysis for development. London: Lynne Rienner.
If you are quoting a social media post it is important to question whether the post is a trustworthy and appropriate source. For some purposes, it is acceptable to quote social media posts in academic writing, but always be critical. See the tutorial Choosing quality sources for your academic work for more information on appropriate sources.
When quoting a post on X (formerly know as Twitter), always quote them in full, and preserve all @handles, #hashtags, and emojis. If the post is longer, such as a longer description on Instagram or Facebook, you do not need to quote the full post. In the list of references, you then list the post by the author’s surname or social media handle and include the post as the title of the reference. If the title is more than 20 words long, you can just write the first 20 words of the title and then use […] to show that the rest has been omitted.
The general format for referencing a social media site is:
(@CardiffAlumni 2024)
(@cardiffunilib 2024)
(Clegg 2016)
@CardiffAlumni. 2024. Last week, thousands of @cardiffuni students from the Class of 2024 celebrated their graduation surrounded by their friends and family. Congratulations [...] [X] 23 July. Available at: https://x.com/CardiffAlumni/status/1815712351892496778?t=G3ng0DhK1ObeDpEKpngA9Q&s=09 [Accessed: 14 August 2024].
@cardiffunilib. 2024. It's fine. We're fine. Everything's fine. #ASSLSummerGlowUp [Instagram] 2 July. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/C86tiUHoEni/?igsh=MW9lb201cWp6NzVzeQ== [Accessed: 14 August 2024].
Clegg, N. 2016. Profile page [Facebook] 23 June. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/nickclegg/posts/10153849188724092 [Accessed: 10 October 2016]
To reference a comment on Social Media include the following:
(godwin udofia 2024)
godwin udofia. 2024. Re: EU examining AI partnerships [Online comment]. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/news/story/eu-examining-ai-partnerships-6529826/ [Accessed: 10 January 2024].
The general format for referencing a social media site is:
Austin, A. 2014. Five advantages for CEOs that ‘get’ Social Media [LinkedIn] 1 August. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/article/20140821153423-14469925-five-advantages-for-ceos-that-get-social-media [Accessed: 6 November 2014].
Clegg, N. 2016. Profile page [Facebook] 23 June. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/nickclegg/posts/10153849188724092 [Accessed: 10 October 2016]
(Austin 2014)
(Clegg 2016)
To reference a comment on Social Media include the following:
godwin udofia. 2024. Re: EU examining AI partnerships [Online comment]. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/news/story/eu-examining-ai-partnerships-6529826/ [Accessed: 10 January 2024].
(godwin udofia 2024)
For live speeches provide the following information
Sunak (2023) illustrated...
Sunak, R. 2023. Building a better future [Speech]. Prime Ministers Office, 10 Downing Street, London. 4 January.
For published transcripts provide the following information
Sunak (2023) illustrated...
Sunak, R. 2023. PM speech on building a better future: 4 January 2023. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-speech-on-making-2023-the-first-year-of-a-new-and-better-future-4-january-2023 [Accessed: 2 May 2023].
Your reference should include:
(British Standards Institution 2012)
British Standards Institution. 2012. BS 8541-3:2012. Library objects for architecture, engineering and construction. Shape and measurement. Code of practice. London: BSI.
For Statutory Instruments (SIs) provide the following information:
Referring to the Human Medicines (Amendment) Regulations 2023...
Human Medicines (Amendment) Regulations 2023 (SI 2023/437). Available at: https://statutoryinstruments.parliament.uk/instrument/j86dt4ij/ [Accessed: 26 April 2023].
The National Assembly for Wales may pass Assembly Measures (nawm). For these provide the following information:
The 2011 Measure (Education (Wales) Measure 2011) …
Education (Wales) Measure 2011 (nawm 7). Available at https://www-legislation-gov-uk.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/mwa/2011/7/contents [Accessed: 26 April 2023]
To reference a television programme, you should include the following information:
For your citation you should provide the title of the programme and the year of airing.
(Top Gear 2021)
Top Gear. 2021. BBC One, 12 December.
If you need to cite a specific episode you should include the title of the episode in your reference, along with the series and episode number:
You should provide the name of the episode and the year of broadcast in your citation.
(Patisserie week 2016)
Patisserie week. 2016. The Great British Bake Off. Series 11, episode 9. BBC One, 19 October.
If you viewed the programme via the internet, you should add the URL and the date you accessed it:
If the programme is an Amazon or Netflix Original note this as the channel name.
(Out of Africa 2009)
Out of Africa. 2009. The Incredible Human Journey. Series 1, episode 1. BBC Two, 10 May. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour [Accessed: 18 October 2016].
If you have viewed the programme on a single DVD or Blu-ray you should also include the Director, Writer(s), date of first broadcast (if known), place of distribution and distribution company:
(Episode 1 2008)
Episode 1. 2008. Gavin & Stacey. Series 2, episode 1. Directed by Christine Gernon. Written by Ruth Jones and James Cordon. First broadcast 2008 [DVD]. London: 2 Entertain Video Ltd.
If the programme is an episode from a box set on DVD/Blu-ray, then use this approach when referencing:
(Five go mad in Dorset 2005)
Five go mad in Dorset. 2005. The Comic Strip Presents: The Complete Collection. In: The Comic Strip Presents Series 1 [DVD]. London:Channel 4.
To reference a thesis or dissertation, you should provide the following information:
(Bin Omar 1978)
(Boyce 2003)
Bin Omar, A. 1978. Peasants, institutions and development in Malaysia: the political economy of development in the Muda region. PhD Thesis, Cornell University.
Boyce, P.J. 2003. GammaFinder: a Java application to find galaxies in astronomical spectral line datacubes. MSc Dissertation, Cardiff University.
To reference an online thesis or dissertation, you should provide the following information:
(Reed 2024)
Auletta (2022) argues that...
Reed, B.S. 2024. Sacrificial lambs: The perils of childhood in Shakespeare. PhD, University of Nebraska. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissunl/90/ [Accessed: 30 October 2024].
Auletta, F. 2022. Identifying and modelling decision making and collective behaviour in multi-agent human and artificial systems. PhD, University of Bristol. Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/1983/22e96c1e-02a5-4cae-bea3-ccb8fbb18986 [Accessed: 30 October 2024].
In your reference you should include:
Howley, J.A. 2016. Adding Sappho to the Lit Hum syllabus was long overdue. More of my students relate instinctively to more of the text than anything in Homer [Twitter] 22 September. Available at: https://twitter.com/hashtagoras/status/779020535460143104 [Accessed: 20 October 2016].
(Howley 2016)
To reference a United Nations resolution, you will need:
(United Nations 2007)
(United Nations Security Council 2020)
United Nations. 2007. United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. Resolution A/RES/61/295. Available at: https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/11/UNDRIP_E_web.pdf [Accessed: 13 December 2021].
United Nations Security Council. 2020. Maintenance of international peace and security. Resolution S/RES/2553. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/S/RES/2553(2020) [Accessed: 13 December 2021].
You should write your reference as follows:
For full publication details of UN treaties and conventions you can refer to the United Nations Treaty Collection.
(Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms 1950)
Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. 1950. Treaty no.2889. United Nations Treaty Series 213, pp. 221-272. Available at: https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20213/v213.pdf [Accessed: 24 November 2023].
For a video game which is not online, you should include the following:
(Nintendo 2017)
Nintendo. 2017. Mario kart deluxe 8. Kyoto: Nintendo.
For an online video game, you should include the following:
(Fortnite: chapter 4 season 1 2022)
Epic Games. 2022. Fortnite: chapter 4 season 1. Available at: https://www.fortnite.com/ [Accessed: 11 January 2023].
Websites are not always reliable or accurate. Some are anonymous, and therefore the author is not academically accountable. A good website should have sufficient ownership information to enable you to reference it. Detective work may be required, but in cases where no ownership can be found, you should question whether the source is of sufficient quality to cite it in support of your research.See the tutorial Choosing quality sources for your academic work for more information on appropriate sources.
For an Internet-based work, you should include the following in your reference:
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation which provides the site instead.
As well as the complete URL to the page, always give the date at which you accessed it. Websites can be edited, changed, appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given.
If you are discussing or quoting a specific part of a web page and no page numbers are visible, use paragraph numbers in your citation instead:
(Linguistic Association of America 2024)
(Varela 2023, para. 3)
Linguistic Association of America. 2024. Linguistic institutes. Available at:www.lsadc.org/content.asp?contentid=138 [Accessed: 7 August 2024].
Varela, C. 2023. Why are bees important? And how you can help them. Available at: www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2023/04/why-are-bees-important/ [Accessed: 7 August 2024].
For an Internet-based work by an individual, you should include the following in your reference:
A good website should have sufficient ownership information to enable you to reference it. Detective work may be required, but in cases where no ownership can be found, you should question whether the source is of sufficient quality to cite it in support of your research.
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation which provides the site instead.
As well as the complete URL to the page, always give the date at which you accessed it. Websites appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given.
Thompson, B. 2009. What role for TV in wired world? Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8115671.stm [Accessed: 10 September 2016].
If you are discussing or quoting a specific part of a web page and no page numbers are visible, use paragraph numbers in your citation instead:
(Thompson 2009, para. 3)
There is usually no discernable author of a wiki entry and so this information can be excluded from the reference if unavailable. Instead, begin your reference with the title of the wiki article:
In your citation, note the title of the wiki article and year of publication.
Please note that as it is often difficult to tell who has authored a wiki post, it is essential that you verify the accuracy of the information provided using scholarly sources such as books or journal articles. Check with your lecturer or tutor before referencing sources such as Wikipedia.
(A map of our own: Kwun Tong culture and histories 2009)
A map of our own: Kwun Tong culture and histories. 2009. Creative commons wiki. Available at: http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Studies/A_Map_of_Our_Own:Kwun_Tong_Culture_and_Histories [Accessed: 18 June 2010].
When referencing a working paper, you should include the following information:
(Collins and Flynn 2004)
(Taylor 2020)
Collins, A. and Flynn, A. 2004. Measuring sustainability: the role of ecological footprinting in Wales, UK. Centre for Business Relationships, Accountability, Sustainability and Society Working Paper Series 22. Cardiff: BRASS/ESRC.
If the paper is available online, you should provide the URL and date you accessed the paper.
(Evans 2014)
Evans, C. 2014. What is 'widening access' to higher education? A review of approaches adopted by HEIs and colleges in Wales to widening access to HE. Impact and Effectiveness of Widening Access to HE in Wales Working Paper Series 1 WAQLCE2014-5. Available at: https://wiserd.ac.uk/sites/default/files/documents//Working_Paper_WAQLCE2014-5.pdf [Accessed: 4 January 2017].
In your reference, you should include the following information:
(Libncsu 2009)
Libncsu. 2009. Wikipedia: beneath the surface. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QY8otRh1QPc [Accessed: 21 June 2010].
To reference a comment on a YouTube video include the following:
(@berlinocelot 2022)
@berlinocelot. 2022. Re: Cardiff University undergraduate campus tour - Cathays Park campus [Online comment]. Available at: https://youtu.be/N8LqkRLuCJo?si=jeebv_opod78gwtV [Accessed: 10 January 2024].
Where the name of an organisation is an acronym or abbreviation, provide the full name of the organization along with the abbreviation in square brackets in your reference list.
1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. Guide to the process of technology appraisal. 2014 [accessed 8 Mar 2019]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/process/pmg19/chapter/acknowledgements
Your reference should contain the following information:
1. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. c. 10.
Your reference should include:
4. Health Education Thames Valley and Health Education Wessex. Adult drug calculations UK [iOS app]. Version 2.0. Gomo Learning Limited; 2014 [accessed 20 Apr 2017].
If there is no author of the book or webpage you would like to reference, it is acceptable to reference the source by its title.
5. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1989.
If you are referencing a newspaper article or journal article which has no author, then use the title of the article instead.
6. Students 'more career driven'. South Wales Echo. 2012 Feb 8 (p.13).
If the work has six or fewer authors, include them all in your reference.
1. Lancaster G, Massingham L. Marketing management. London: McGraw-Hill; 1993.
It has been argued that the main considerations are the scope of the project, the cost and the duration of the work (1).
Research by Lancaster and Massingham (1) suggests that...
If you are citing a work with seven or more authors, write et al. (and others) after the sixth author's name to indicate that there are more authors.
2. Lane C, Wilkinson F, Littek W, Heisig U, Browne J, Burchell B, et al. The future of professionalised work: UK and Germany compared. London: Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society; 2003 [accessed 11 Jul 2008]. Available from: http://www.agf.org.uk/pubs/pdfs/1232web.pdf
It has been argued that the main considerations are the scope of the project, the cost and the duration of the work (2).
Research by Lane at al. (2) suggests that...
When referencing a blog you need to include the following in your reference:
7. Bradley P. Google's fake news link. Phil Bradley's weblog; 2016 Nov 15. [accessed 3 Jan 2017]. Available from: http://www.philbradley.typepad.com/
All the information you need to reference a book is usually on the front and back of the title page. This is normally one of the first pages inside the book and has the copyright information on the reverse.
You need to include the following information:
8. Potts D. Project planning and analysis for development. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reinner; 2002.
Some researchers have argued that communication should be...(8)
Research by Potts (8) suggests that...
Some books may have both an author and an editor. An example might be a book in which the writings of, say, a historical philosopher have been edited by a modern editor.
In such cases you should provide the following details.
9. Bentham J. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Edited by Burns JH, Hart HLA. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
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Cite and reference programmes you've accessed via Box of Broadcasts in the same way as you would for a television programme you've viewed online elsewhere.
10. Patisserie week. The Great British Bake Off. Series 11, episode 9. BBC One; 2016 Oct 19 [accessed 31 Oct 2016]. Available from: https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29
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Some books are comprised of chapters written by different individuals, usually overseen by an editor. To reference a specific chapter, you should include the following:
The editor's or editors' name(s) should be followed by editor(s).
11. Ballinger A, Clark M. Nutrition, appetite control and disease. In: Payne-James J, Grimble G, Silk D, editors. Artificial nutrition support in clinical practice. 2nd ed. London: Greenwich Medical; 2001. p. 225-39.
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To reference an entry from a chemical or drug database such as ChemSpider, PubChem or Drugbank Online you should include:
4. Royal Society of Chemistry. Paracetamol, CSID=1906. ChemSpider. 2015 [accessed 22 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.1906.html
5. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 8-Morpholino-caffeine, CID=35697. PubChem. 2017 [accessed 2 Jan 2017]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/35697
6. Wishart, D.S. et al. Trimethoprim, DB00440. Drugbank Online. 2021 [accessed 5 Nov 2021]. Available from: https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00440
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To reference an entry from a clinical trials database such as ISRCTN Registry or ClinicalTrials.gov you should include:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number that provides a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
13. ISRCTN Registry. ISRCTN14142433, Dichotic listening training, compensatory strategies and combined therapies on listening abilities of pupils with auditory processing disorders. 2017 Aug 21 [accessed 18 Oct 2017]. doi: 10.1186/ISRCTN14142433
14. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT02963740, Feasibility of high levels of energy expenditure from physical activity for breast cancer survivors. 2016 Nov 15 [accessed 18 Oct 2017]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02963740
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To reference a Cochrane review article you will need to record the following information:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
15. Magni LR, Purgato M, Gastaldon C, Papola D, Furukawa TA, Cipriani A, et al. Fluoxetine versus other types of pharmacotherapy for depression. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2013;7:CD004185. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004185.pub3
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Your reference should include:
17. Smith J. GraphicsDrawer source code [Source code]. Version 2.0. 2011 [accessed 10 Aug 2016]. Available from: http://www.graphicsdrawer.com
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When referencing the print copy of a conference proceeding, you should include the following information:
1. Redknapp M, Edwards N, Lane A, Youngs S. editors. Pattern and purpose in insular art. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art 1998 Sep 3-6; Cardiff. Oxford: Oxbow; 2001.
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If no editor is listed, you should use the title of the conference instead.
2. Building on the evidence: proceedings of the second conference on evidence-based Practice. 1999 Apr 16-17; Norwich. Norwich: Norfolk Healthcare Trust; 1999.
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If you are referencing an individual paper within the conference proceedings, you should include the following information:
3. Fledelius HC. Myopia and significant visual impairment: global aspects. In: Lin LL-K, Shih Y-F, Hung PT, editors. Myopia Updates II: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia; 1998 Nov 17-20 Taipei. Tokyo: Springer; 2000. p. 31-7.
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If the paper is available online, you should provide the URL or DOI if available. For more information on DOIs see Journal article.
4. Ghazvini M, Abbaspour-Tehrani-Fard A, Fotuhi-Firuzabad M, Othman MM. Optimizing size and operation of hybrid energy systems. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 7th International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO); 2013 Jun 3-4 Langkawi; Malaysia. IEEE; 2013. doi: 10.1109/PEOCO.2013.6564598
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Sometimes you will need to reference material that you cannot fully identify in your work for reasons of confidentiality. When including such information in academic work (or reference lists/ appendices) you must still cite and reference it but you should ensure that the author cannot be identified. You should include the following information:
1. Health/Care Organisation (name withheld). Annual rates for uptake of diabetes screening services. Name withheld. 2014.
2. Company A. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Unpublished confidential document. 2007.
Prevalence data from the local health board indicate a 10% reduction in attendance for routine diabetes screening (1)
Some researchers have argued (2)
An organisation may be the "author" of a work, instead of a named individual. In these cases, you can use the organisation name in place of the author name.
18. Welsh Government. A living language: a language for living. Welsh language strategy 2012-2017. 2012 [accessed 3 Jan 2017]. Available from: http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf
If there is no date of publication, put [no date] in the reference.
19. Horsfall N. A companion to the study of Virgil. Leiden, Boston: Brill; [no date].
If a book has been through several editions there may be several copyright dates on the back of the title page. You should take the latest date as your publication date - this is the publication date of the book you are holding.
Be sure to take the latest publication date, not the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint is not a new edition.
When referencing a message on a discussion board in a Virtual Learning Environment e.g. Learning Central, include the following details:
20. Smith A. Quality of Wikipedia articles. Wikipedia debate discussion board. In: Study Skills. 2016 Jun 12 [accessed 3 Jan 2017]. Available from: http://cue.cf.ac.uk
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If you are referencing a message from a discussion list or online mailing list, you should include the following information:
For all email references, the title of the message comes from the email subject line.
21. Little L. Two new policy briefs. ECPOLICY discussion list. 2002 Apr 16 [accessed 8 Nov 2003]. Available from: http://www.askeric.org/ Virtual Listserv_Archives/ECPOLICY/2002/Apr_2002/Msg00003.html
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Some books are comprised of chapters written by different individuals, usually overseen by an editor. To reference a specific chapter, please follow this guidance: Chapter in an edited book or reader
To reference the entire book, you need to include the following information:
Buckingham R. ed. Martindale: the complete drug reference. 40th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press; 2020.
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Some books have multiple editions. Where this is the case, it is important to indicate the number of the edition, if it not the first. A newer edition will usually have been substantially revised, so you need to make clear to which edition of the text you are referring.
You should also provide the publication date for the edition which you have consulted.
2. Nash EL. Direct marketing: strategy, planning, execution. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2000.
eBooks accessed via LibrarySearch may be referenced in the same way as their print equivalents.
If you have downloaded an eBook from a web site e.g. eBooks.com or Amazon onto your computer, eReader or mobile device, then include the following:
3. Howson C. Successful business intelligence: secrets to making BI a killer app [PDF for Digital Editions version]. New York: McGraw Hill; 2007. [accessed 6 Oct 2011]. Available from: http://www.ebooks.com/330687/successful-business-intelligence/howson-cindi/
4. Roubini N, Mihm S. Crisis economics: a crash course in the future of finance [Kindle version]. London: Penguin; 2011. [acessed 6 Oct 2011]. Available from: http://www.amazon.co.uk/Crisis-Economics-Course-Finance-ebook/dp/B004Y4WMHW/ref=sr_1_7?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1317896488&sr=1-7
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Sources such as encyclopaedias and dictionaries, which have many contributors, can be referenced by the title.
So, you should include:
Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1989.
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Online sources such as encyclopaedias and dictionaries, which have many contributors, can be referenced by the title and should also include the URL and the date accessed:
Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2023. [accessed 18 Aug 2023]. Available from: https://www.oed.com/dictionary
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For films, whether on streaming platforms, DVD, video, or Blu-ray provide the following information:
For television programmes streamed, on DVD or box sets, see television programme
1. Cloud Atlas. Directed by Lana Wachowski, Tom Tywker, Lilly Wachowski [DVD]. New York: Cloud Atlas Productions; 2013.
2. Dune. Directed by Denis Villeneuve [Netflix]. Warner Brothers Pictures; 2021.
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When quoting or discussing content generated by an AI service such as Microsoft Copilot, you must cite and reference this in your work. You should also acknowledge when you have used responses to prompts you have entered into a Generative AI tool such as Copilot to write/produce parts of your assignment on your behalf.
If you are going to use Gen AI services such as Microsoft Copilot in your assessed work, please first check with your School what type of use is permitted. Also bear in mind that you should:
Due to the generative nature of the content produced, it is not possible for a reader to follow up or replicate the information. So, when discussing content derived from a Generative AI tool such as Copilot, you should reference it in a similar way as a ‘personal communication’. Ensure you state the name of the tool used to generate the content in the sentence and include an in text citation number. Then in your references list provide a full reference.
Check with your School to find out how you should discuss or quote prompts and responses in your work. It may be appropriate, in your submitted text, to note the prompts you used to generate relevant learning material in your text.
In an essay on the benefits of AI in education, for example, you might write:
Microsoft Copilot (1) was asked the following question: ‘what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?’ The response from Copilot included the suggestion that it can assist students by providing quick access to information on their topic and suggesting sources. However, when this initial question was refined to ‘how effective is Copilot at providing references to academic sources?’, the response suggested that any sources provided by the service should be verified independently by the user (2).
For your reference include:
The above example refers to a response from Copilot and makes use of the material by paraphrasing it. If you are copying directly from a response, you should indicate this is a direct quotation in accordance with the guidance for quotations.
For the purposes of submitting work for anonymous marking, students may replace their name with their student number.
For longer prompts/conversations, you could also include a transcript or screenshot in an appendix.
1. OpenAI ChatGPT. ChatGPT response to Joanne Smith. 2023 Mar 23.
3. Microsoft Copilot. Copilot response to C123456. 2025 Sep 10.
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If you are referencing content generated using AI by others rather than yourself, you can reference this according to the type of source in which it was found.
For example, if you are incorporating an AI generated image found on a web site, you should reference it as per the advice found in the Image/ Diagram/ Table example. If quoting or paraphrasing text generated by others which has been reported in a Book or Journal article, follow the advice for those sources.
In all cases, ensure you make it clear that you are quoting or discussing AI rather than human generated content.
2. Griffith E. A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E. 2022 [accessed: 12 Apr 2023]. Available from: https://uk.pcmag.com/graphic-design/143293/which-ai-creates-the-best-and-most-terrifying-art
Figure 1: A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E (2)
For a printed government publication, you should include:
If there is no identifiable individual author, use the name of the organisation that produced the report.
1. European Commission. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2004.
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For a government publication that you have read online, include the following:
2. Welsh Government. A living language: a language for living. Welsh language strategy 2012-2017. 2012 [accessed 18 Jan 2020]. Available from: http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf
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You should include the following information:
If there is no identifiable author use the name of the organisation which produced the guideline. The publisher will be an organisation, such as the NHS, NICE, RCOG (this could be the same as the author).
The place of publication can usually be found in the correspondence address at the end of the guideline. If there is none, use the head office address of the organisation (you may need to Google this).
1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE]. Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management. NG56. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2016 [accessed 21 Oct 2020]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng56
2. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists [RCOG]. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Green-top Guideline No.69. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; 2016 [accessed 21 Oct 2020]. Available from: https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg69/
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In your bibliography, you should provide a full reference appropriate to the type of source the image, figure, or table is from. For example, if referencing an image found in a book, follow the guidelines for referencing a book.
When citing, you should provide the title of the image, figure or table followed by the citation.
Figure 14. Dwelling prices, London compared with UK, 1993-1999. (5)
Images, diagrams, graphs or tables created by others are usually protected by copyright. Under the University's copyright licence, it is usually permissible to use images, tables etc. in non-commercial research or private study, including coursework. They must not be used in published works or made publicly available in an electronic or online format without seeking permission from the author.
However, in some cases the author may state their permission for their work to be re-used or apply a Creative Commons licence to the image. Always check the author's terms of use to see if permission is granted.
To find copyright free images, try using a royalty free image sites such as:
You could also use the Creative Commons search engine.
To reference an interview, you should include the following information:
6. Smith S. Interviewed by Iris Jones. 2015 Nov 18.
For more information on journal articles please see the tutorial What is a journal?
When referencing a journal article, you should include the following information:
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
1. Arabani M, Makan P. Laboratory investigation of rutting and fatigue in glassphalt containing waste plastic bottles. Constr Build Mater. 2016;116:378-83. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.105
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When a journal article is only available in print, simply leave out the doi.
2. Bennett-Marsden M. How to select a wound dressing. Clin Pharmacist. 2010;2(11):363-5.
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Use this format if the journal is only available online or differs from its printed equivalent. Otherwise refer to the journal article examples above.
When referencing an online-only journal article, you should include the following information:
Some online-only journal articles have no issue or page numbers and so this information can be omitted if unavailable.
If an article number is provided, include this instead.
A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique reference number often displayed on journal articles and some conference papers. DOIs provide a quick and stable route to locating a paper online when you add the prefix https://doi.org/ e.g. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4959093.
Where a DOI is provided, you should include it at the end of your reference. It is not necessary to include the https://doi.org/ prefix in your reference.
1. Taylor A. Too often patient concerns over treatment are trivialised or ignored - this must end. Pharm J. 2020;305(7943). doi: 10.1211/PJ.2020.20208552
2. Bainsla L, Suresh KG. Equiatomic quaternary Heusler alloys: a material perspective for spintronic applications. Appl Phys Rev. 2016;3:031101. doi: 10.1063/1.4959093
3. Nakata T, Doi A, Uta D, Yoshimura M, Shin M-C. Excessive exercise induces cardiac arrhythmia in a young fibromyalgia mouse model. PLoS One. 2020;15(9): e0239473. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.023947
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If no doi is available for an online-only journal article, provide the date of access and URL instead.
3. Merchant AT, Mahshid D, Behnke-Cook D, Anand SS. Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison. Nutr J. 2007;6:1 [accessed 10 Apr 2021]. Available from: http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf
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Sometimes an electronic version of a journal article is accepted for publication and is published online ahead of the print.
So for these articles include the month and day of publication as well as [Epub ahead of print].
4. Xie S, Du R, Fang Y, Onishi Y, Igarashi T, Takahashi H, et al. Dilated choroidal veins and their role in recurrences of myopic macular neovascularisations. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021 Apr 28; [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318970
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Some useful tips to bear in mind:
To find official abbreviations for journal titles, you should use the format for the National Library of Medicine's journals in NCBI Databases.
If the journal isn't in the NLM catalog, you can check the sources below:
If you can't find the journal whose title you want to abbreviate in any of these, then you can make your own according to ISO 4 principles, using the ISSN Centre's list of title word abbreviations.
Please note that there may be many circumstances where is it not appropriate to cite and reference your lectures. Check with your lecturer or tutor before referring to them in your assessed work.
To reference a lecture you have attended, you should include the following information:
3. Jackson C. Citing and referencing in the Harvard style. [Lecture to BSc Astrology year 1]. Cardiff University; 2010 Jun 14.
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For lecture notes or presentations provided on a virtual learning environment, such a Learning Central, you should write your reference as follows:
4. Young Z. Citing and referencing in the Cardiff Vancouver style. Study skills. Cardiff University; 2018 [accessed 18 Jun 2018]. Available from: https://learningcentral.cardiff.ac.uk
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When referencing the print copy of a newspaper article, you should include the following information:
1. Benoit B. G8 faces impasse on global warming. Financial Times. 2007 May 29 (p. 9).
2. Alsop W. Architecture: what does the future hold? Answers on a postcard. Guardian. 2004 Jun 21;Sect. G2 (p.12).
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When a newspaper article has no author listed, you should start the reference with the title of the article instead.
3. Students 'more career driven'. South Wales Echo. 2012 Feb 8 (p.13).
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If you are referencing an article from an online edition of a newspaper, you should include the following information:
4. Campbell D, Butler P, Foster D, Brindle D, Laville S, Ryan F, et al. What does 2017 hold for public services? The Guardian. 2017 Jan 3 [accessed 22 Apr 2020]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/03/society-2017-prisons-homelessness-welfare-reforms-nhs-social-care
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If you accessed the article via an online subscription database such as Nexis UK or FT.com, provide the database name instead of the URL.
5. Merrick R. Brexit talks dealt 'major blow' as top diplomat quits. The Independent. 2017 Jan 4 (p. 3) [accessed 4 Jan 2017]. Available from: Nexis UK.
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If you are writing in English but are referring to sources which are written in other languages you should give the source title exactly as it appears in the original language followed by a translation of the title in square brackets.
1. Foucault M. L'archéologie du savoir [The archaeology of knowledge]. Paris: NRF/Gallimard; 1971.
2. Zenone T. Démarche diagnostique des fièvres récurrentes prolongées chez l’adulte [Diagnostic approach of recurrent fevers of unknown origin in adults]. Rev Med Interne. 2015;36(7):457-66. doi: 10.116/j.revmed.2014.11.010
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When referencing non-English language material where the information is written using another alphabet, such as Japanese, you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet.
You only need to put the transliteration in your reference list.
鷲田清一. 京都の平熱 : 哲学者の都市案内. 東京: 講談社; 2007.
3. Washida, K. Kyōto no heinetsu: tetsugakusha no toshi annai. Tōkyō: Kōdansha; 2007.
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Sources which you have read in the English translation are treated differently. In these cases you should include details of the translator and the language from which it had been translated.
4. Alberti L. Music through the ages. Translated from the Italian, by R. Pierce. London: Cassell; 1974 (Originally published in 1968).
If there is no place of publication, put [no place] in the reference.
1. Whittlesea C, Hodson K. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics. 6th ed. [no place]: Elsevier; 2019.
If a book has more than one place of publication listed in the publication details, then use the UK city or if no UK city then just give the first one in your reference.
For example, the book Discourse, grammar and ideology: functional and cognitive perspectives, by Christopher Hart, was published in 2014 by Bloomsbury Academic. The book gives both London and New York as its places of publication.
In your reference you can just give the UK place of publication, which in this case is London.
2. Hart C. Discourse, grammar and ideology: functional and cognitive perspectives. London: Bloomsbury Academic; 2014.
Patents are a special type of legal document requiring specific information.
Patents have two types of authors, the inventor(s) of the device, process, or other entity being patented, and the assignee, the organization or individual(s) holding legal title to the patent. Assignee is used to refer to both a single patent holder or multiple holders.
In your reference you should include:
7. Williams M. Mainetti (UK) Limited. Footwear hanger able to support footwear in two different orientations. United Kingdom patent GB2409807. 2004 Jan 9.
When referencing personal communication you should include the following details:
8. Smith K. Email to Robertson B. 2004 Apr 14.
9. Young Z. Letter to Nicholas S. 2007 Sept 28.
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For podcasts, you should include:
If no author or presenter is available, put the title of the podcast at the beginning of the reference.
1. Cardiff University. Getting your references in order. Students' survival guide to writing a good essay [Podcast]. 2010 Apr 15 [accessed 18 Jun 2010]. Available from: http://www.xpressradio.co.uk/survivalguide
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A post-print journal article is the final, corrected and peer-reviewed version of the article, without the publisher's branding. These are sometimes found on institutional repositories e.g. ORCA.
In your reference you should include the following information:
1. Touboulic A, Walker HL. Theories in sustainable supply chain management: a structured literature review [Post-print]. Int J Phys Distrib Logist Manag. 2015;45(1/2):16-42. [accessed 4 Jul 2017]. Available from: http://orca.cf.ac.uk/67084/1/Theories%20in%20SSCM%20-%20Manuscript%20post-print.pdf
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For posters, you should include:
1. Robertson I. Avian orientation and navigation [Poster]. MSc Global Ecology and Conservation; 2022 May 6; Cardiff University. 2022.
2. Skeen N. Assessing learning for 'one-shot' teaching sessions [Poster]. LILAC; 2015 Apr 8-10; Newcastle University. 2022. [accessed 9 May 2022]. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/assessing-learning-for-one-shot-teaching-sessions-natasha-skeen
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Articles which are described as pre-prints should include the following details:
1. Khao DT, Phuc NH, Loan DT, Loc BM. Nuclear mean field and double-folding model of the nucleus-nucleus optical potential. To be published in: Physical Review C. ArXiv. [Preprint]. 2016 [accessed 20 Oct 2016]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.00789
2. Lobo IP, Loret N, Nettel F. Rainbows without unicorns: Metric structures in theories with Modified Dispersion Relations. ArXiv. [Preprint]. 2016 [accessed 20 Oct 2016]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.04277
3. Caruso DJ, Connolly MP, Nguyen TQ, Siegel JB. Computationally designed carbonic anhydrase inhibitors derived from sulfonamides for treatment of glaucoma. BioRxiv. [Preprint]. 2022 [accessed 23 May 2023]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.02.25.529947
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For a short quote, enclose the writer's words in double “quotation marks” within your sentence.
Key causes of economic deprivation include low income or unemployment which are often the result of "poor qualification levels and lack of basic skills" (1).
You should distinguish long quotations from the main body of your own writing by indenting the quotation from the left hand margin. A quotation distinguished in this way does not need to be enclosed in quotation marks.
Charles Dickens' novel Bleak House opens with the following description to set the scene for his story:
London, Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets as if the water had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill (2).
The tone of this passage gives a detatched, non-committal account of the dreary winter scene...
There are two methods of editing quotes:
In both cases be careful not to alter the meaning of the quote by removing or adding too many words.
In Magic Realist writing, "the world and reality have a dream-like quality about them which is captured ... in a style that is highly objective, precise, and deceptively simple" (3).
Although improvements in vehicle efficiency have slowed the rate of emissions, cars still account for for 22 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2), with "emissions predicted [by the U.N] to rise threefold by 2030" (4).
For a radio broadcast, you should include:
1. Today. BBC Radio 4; 2020 Aug 15.
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For a radio programme accessed via the internet you should include:
2. Barack Obama talks to David Olusoga. BBC Radio 4, 2020 Nov 20. [accessed 26 Nov 2020]. Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000q50g
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When referencing a printed report, you should include the following information:
If there is no identifiable author use the name of the organisation that produced the report.
4. European Commission. First report on the implementation of the internal market strategy 2003-2006. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 2004.
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When referencing a report which you have found online, you should include the following information:
5. Welsh Government. A living language: a language for living. Welsh language strategy 2012-2017. 2012 [accessed 3 Jan 2017]. Available from: http://gov.wales/docs/dcells/publications/122902wls201217en.pdf
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Where possible you should aim to reference from the original source. However, sometimes you may need to cite an author whose work you have not personally read, but whose work is presented or summarised by the author of a publication you have consulted.
In your references you should list the source you have actually read.
In your citation, you should include both the primary and secondary source.
2. Peterson LA, Hecht SS. Tobacco, e-cigarettes and child health. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2017;29(2):225-30. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000456
According to the United States Surgeon General (1964), cited in Peterson and Hect (2), negative health effects of tobacco use have been well documented.
If you are quoting a social media post it is important to question whether the post is a trustworthy and appropriate source. For some purposes, it is acceptable to quote social media posts in academic writing, but always be critical. See the tutorial Choosing quality sources for your academic work for more information on appropriate sources.
When quoting a post on X (formerly know as Twitter), always quote them in full, and preserve all @handles, #hashtags, and emojis. If the post is longer, such as a longer description on Instagram or Facebook, you do not need to quote the full post. In the list of references, you then list the post by the author’s surname or social media handle and include the post as the title of the reference. If the title is more than 20 words long, you can just write the first 20 words of the title and then use […] to show that the rest has been omitted.
The general format for referencing a social media site is:
1. @CardiffAlumni. Last week, thousands of @cardiffuni students from the Class of 2024 celebrated their graduation surrounded by their friends and family. Congratulations [...] [X] 2024 Jul 23. [accessed 14 Aug 2024]. Available from: https://x.com/CardiffAlumni/status/1815712351892496778?t=G3ng0DhK1ObeDpEKpngA9Q&s=09
2. @cardiffunilib. It's fine. We're fine. Everything's fine. #ASSLSummerGlowUp [Instagram] 2024 Jul 2. [accessed 14 Aug 2024]. Available from: https://www.instagram.com/p/C86tiUHoEni/?igsh=MW9lb201cWp6NzVzeQ==
3. Clegg N. Profile page [Facebook] 2016 Jun 23. [accessed 10 Oct 2016]. Available from: https://www.facebook.com/nickclegg/posts/10153849188724092
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Your reference should include:
1. British Standards Institution. BS 8541-3:2012. Library objects for architecture, engineering and construction. Shape and measurement. Code of practice. London: BSI; 2012.
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For Statutory Instruments (SIs) provide the following information:
1. Human Medicines (Amendment) Regulations 2023 (SI 2023/437). [accessed 26 Apr 2023]. Available from: https://statutoryinstruments.parliament.uk/instrument/j86dt4ij/
Referring to the Human Medicines (Amendment) Regulations 2023 (1) ...
The National Assembly for Wales may pass Assembly Measures (nawm). For these provide the following information:
1. Education (Wales) Measure 2011 (nawm 7). [accessed 26 Apr 2023]. Available from: https://www-legislation-gov-uk.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/mwa/2011/7/contents
The 2011 Measure (Education (Wales) Measure 2011) (1) …
To reference a television programme, you should include the following information:
If the programme is an Amazon or Netflix Original note this as the channel name.
1. Top Gear. BBC2; 2007 Oct 14.
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If you need to cite a specific episode you should include the title of the episode in your reference, along with the series and episode number:
2. Patisserie week. The Great British Bake Off. Series 11, episode 9. BBC One; 2016 Oct 19.
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If you viewed the programme via the internet, you should add the URL and the date you accessed it:
3. Out of Africa. The Incredible Human Journey. Series 1, episode 1. BBC Two; 2009 May 10. [accessed 18 Oct 2016]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour
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If you have viewed the programme on a single DVD or Blu-ray you should also include the Director, Writer(s), date of first broadcast (if known), place of distribution and distribution company:
4. Episode 1. Gavin & Stacey. Series 2, episode 1. Directed by Christine Gernon. Written by Ruth Jones and James Cordon. First broadcast 2008 [DVD]. London: 2 Entertain Video Ltd; 2008.
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If the programme is an episode from a box set on DVD/Blu-ray, then use this approach when referencing:
5. Five go mad in Dorset. The Comic Strip Presents: The Complete Collection. In: The Comic Strip Presents Series 1 [DVD]. London:Channel 4; 2005.
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To reference a thesis or dissertation, you should provide the following information:
1. Bin Omar A. Peasants, institutions and development in Malaysia: the political economy of development in the Muda region [PhD Thesis]. New York: Cornell University; 1978.
2. Boyce PJ. GammaFinder: a Java application to find galaxies in astronomical spectral line datacubes [MSc Dissertation]. Cardiff: Cardiff University; 2003.
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To reference an online thesis or dissertation, you should provide the following information:
Auletta (1) argues that...
Auletta, F. Identifying and modelling decision making and collective behaviour in multi-agent human and artificial systems [PhD thesis]. Bristol: University of Bristol; 2022 [accessed 30 Oct 2024]. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/1983/22e96c1e-02a5-4cae-bea3-ccb8fbb18986
In your reference you should include:
1. Howley JA. Adding Sappho to the Lit Hum syllabus was long overdue. More of my students relate instinctively to more of the text than anything in Homer [Twitter] 2016 Sept 22. [accessed 20 Oct 2016]. Available from: https://twitter.com/hashtagoras/status/779020535460143104
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Websites are not always reliable or accurate. Some are anonymous, and therefore the author is not academically accountable. A good website should have sufficient ownership information to enable you to reference it. Detective work may be required, but in cases where no ownership can be found, you should question whether the source is of sufficient quality to cite it in support of your research. See the tutorial Choosing quality sources for your academic work for more information on appropriate sources.
For a webpage, you should include the following in your reference:
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation which provides the site instead.
As well as the complete URL to the page, always give the date at which you accessed it. Websites appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given.
9. Linguistic Association of America. Linguistic institutes. 2024 [accessed 7 Aug 2024]. Available from: www.lsadc.org/content.asp?contentid=138
10. Varela C. Why are bees important? And how you can help them. 2023 [accessed 7 Aug 2024]. Available from: www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2023/04/why-are-bees-important/
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There is usually no discernable author of a wiki entry and so this information can be excluded from the reference if unavailable. Instead, begin your reference with the title of the wiki article:
Please note that as it is often difficult to tell who has authored a wiki post, it is essential that you verify the accuracy of the information provided using scholarly sources such as books or journal articles. Check with your lecturer or tutor before referencing sources such as Wikipedia.
1. A map of our own: Kwun Tong culture and histories. Creative commons wiki. 2009 [accessed 18 Jun 2010]. Available from: http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Studies/A_Map_of_Our_Own:Kwun_Tong_Culture_and_Histories
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In your reference, you should include the following information:
1. CTRL-F. Skill: advanced Wikipedia bias & agenda. 2020 [accessed 27 Apr 2021]. Available from: https://youtu.be/fHR0Qgm21j8
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Abbreviating journal titles is permitted where it is thought that the abbreviation will be well known to the reader of your work. If not, give the title in full.
If you need to make a number of references to articles from the same journal, you can abbreviate further mentions of the title, after the first full reference. Indicate how you intend to abbreviate it next to the first mention of the full title.
Architectural History (hereafter AH)
MHRA does not provide specific guidance on (architectural) drawings, so follow the template for art work including the following:
1John Smith, Building Drawing Plan 23, 2016, drawing, Smith’s Architectural Practice, Brighton.
Smith, John, Building Drawing Plan 23, 2016, drawing, Smith’s Architectural Practice, Brighton
For archival material you would need to add the following in your footnotes:
The Folio Number(s) should be the page count in the document from which your direct quote or paraphrase is taken, given there will be no pagination.
For your bibliography, include the following:
2 Bob Smith, ‘Letter to Mr Jones’, Files of the Cardiff Planning Authority (1998), ZPA 29/3. Wales National Archives. Cardiff, fol. 2-4.
Smith, Bob, ‘Letter to Mr Jones’, Files of the Cardiff Planning Authority (1998), ZPA 29/3. Wales National Archives. Cardiff
The first time you reference the manuscript in your work, you must provide the following full details:
Subsequent references to these details should then be abbreviated.
The example here refers to a single document within an archive repository. It includes:
Cardiff University Library, Edward Thomas Collection, Letters, 10 November 1897, 4/24/798.
CU, Edward Thomas Collection, 4/24/798.
For archival material you would need to add the following in your footnotes:
First Name Surname, ‘Title of Document’, Name of the Collection from which the Document is Taken (Year), Manuscript or Collection Identifying Number within the Archive. Name of Archive. Location of Archive, fol. Folio Number(s).
The Folio Number(s) should be the page count in the document from which your direct quote or paraphrase is taken, given there will be no pagination.
For your bibliography, include the following:
2 Bob Smith, ‘Letter to Mr Jones’, Files of the Cardiff Planning Authority (1998), ZPA 29/3. Wales National Archives. Cardiff
Smith, Bob, ‘Letter to Mr Jones’, Files of the Cardiff Planning Authority (1998), ZPA 29/3. Wales National Archives. Cardiff
For multi-page manuscripts, state the specific page number at the end of full and abbreviated references in your footnotes.
Un-numbered pages (called 'folios') can be referenced by providing the number of that folio in the page sequence (e.g., fol. 25).
State whether you are referring to the front (recto) or back (verso) of the folio using the abbreviations r and v in superscript (e.g. fols 25r-27v).
Cardiff University, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, Diaries, 20 December 1939-26 June 1940, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
CU, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
For a work of art, include the following information in the foonote and bibliography:
1Alfred Sisley, The Cliff at Penarth, Evening, Low Tide, 1897, oil on canvas, 54.4 x 65.7 cm, <https://museum.wales/collections/online/object/0adf73b0-fa07-314d-a192-93e527643203/The-Cliff-at-Penarth-evening-low-tide/> [accessed 3 February 2022].
2Pierre-Auguste Renoir, La Parisienne, 1874, oil on canvas, 163.2 x 108.3 cm, National Museum Wales, Cardiff.
Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, La Parisienne, 1874, oil on canvas, 163.2 x 108.3 cm, National Museum Wales, Cardiff
Sisley, Alfred, The Cliff at Penarth, Evening, Low Tide, 1897, oil on canvas, 54.4 x 65.7 cm <https://museum.wales/collections/online/object/0adf73b0-fa07-314d-a192-93e527643203/The-Cliff-at-Penarth-evening-low-tide/> [accessed 3 February 2022]
Briefly, citing means referring within your text to sources which you have used in the course of your research. In the MHRA style, this means providing a footnote number in your text.
Where possible, place footnotes at the end of the sentence, after the full stop. Use continuous numbering throughout your text, beginning at number one.
References should be given for "all direct or indirect quotations, and in acknowledgement of someone’s opinions, or of a source of factual information which is not general knowledge".1 Li and Crane point out that the main objective of citing references is to give sufficient information to allow sources to be located.2
1 Nicholas S.R. Walliman, Your Research Project: A Step-by-step Guide for the First-time Researcher, (SAGE, 2001), p. 301.
2 Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane, Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information, 2nd edn (Information Today, 1996), p. 3.
If the work has three authors or fewer, mention them all.
Note that, in your footnote, all author names are listed with the First Name followed by the Last Name.
For the bibliography entry, the first author’s name is inverted so as to give the Last Name followed by the First Name. This is because the bibliography entries are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. Do not however invert the order of the names of the subsequent authors of the work.
1 Geoffrey Lancaster and Lester Massingham, Marketing Management (McGraw-Hill, 1993), p. 5.
15 Lancaster and Massingham, pp. 11-13.
1 Lancaster, Geoffrey and Massingham, Lester, Marketing Management (McGraw-Hill, 1993)
If the work has four or more authors, just give the first author's name and write 'and others' to indicate that there are more authors.
2 Tony Bennett and others, Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies and Institutions (Routledge, 1993), p. 10.
15 Bennett and others, p. 64.
2 Bennett, Tony and others, Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies and Institutions (Routledge, 1993)
Works without an author can be referenced by the title instead. In your bibliography include the item alphabetically by the first significant word in the title.
Where works have been published as being Anonymous, you can use the abbreviation [Anon.] in place of the author's name. Include the reference in your bibliography alphabetically, as though [Anon.] is a name.
1 'Bacchanalia', in The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300-1990s, ed. by J Davidson Reid (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 238-271 (p. 240).
'Bacchanalia', in The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300-1990s, ed. by J Davidson Reid (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 238-271
If you are referencing a publication such as a newspaper article or journal article which has no author, then start your reference with the title of the article instead. Exclude The or A at the beginning of the title of English language newspapers, except when referring to The Times.
1 'Students "more career driven"', South Wales Echo, 8 February 2012, p. 13.
'Students "more career driven"', South Wales Echo, 8 February 2012, p.13
At the end of your work list each of the sources you have referenced in your footnotes, and any other works you have read in relation to the subject, under the heading 'Bibliography'.
Write the list in alphabetical order by the first author's surname, placing their surname before their forename(s) or intial(s).
Unlike in your footnote references, there is no need to include the page number you have referred to (unless you are referencing a chapter in an edited book). You should not put a full stop at the end.
Borden, Iain, and Katerina Ruedi, The Dissertation: An Architecture Student's Handbook, 5th edn (Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006)
Craig, P., 'How to Cite', Documentation Studies, 10 (2003), pp. 114-22
Stott, Rebecca, Anna Snaith and Rick Rylance, Making Your Case: A Practical Guide to Essay Writing (Longman, 2001)
For a blog post, include the following information in the footnote:
1 Joichi Ito, 'Blog DOI enabled', (para. 5 of 12), doi:10.31859/20180822.2140.
2 Phil Bradley, 'New Royalty Free Image Search Engine', (para. 1 of 2), <https://philbradley.typepad.com/phil_bradleys_weblog/2018/01/new-royalty-free-image-search-engine.html> [accessed 3 February 2022]
13 Ito, para. 5.
15 Bradley, para. 1.
Bradley, Phil, 'New Royalty Free Image Search Engine', <https://philbradley.typepad.com/phil_bradleys_weblog/2018/01/new-royalty-free-image-search-engine.html> [accessed 3 February 2022]
Ito, Joichi, 'Blog DOI enabled', doi:10.31859/20180822.2140
All the information you need to reference a print book is usually on the front and back of the title page. This is normally one of the first pages inside the book and has the copyright information on the reverse.
You will need to include the following information:
If the book is in its second edition or beyond, you also need to include this information in the reference:
For guidance on how to handle books with more than one author, see 'Authors, multiple'.
1 Robert Abel, The Eye Care Revolution: Prevent and Reverse Common Vision Problems (Kensington Books, 2004), p. 10.
2 James Fulcher and John Scott, Sociology, 4th edn (Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 24.
15 Abel, pp. 11-13.
16 Fulcher and Scott, pp. 21-23.
Abel, Robert, The Eye Care Revolution: Prevent and Reverse Common Vision Problems (Kensington Books, 2004)
Fulcher, James and Scott, John, Sociology, 4th edn (Oxford University Press, 2011)
If you are quoting the introduction to a novel (or a play, etc) where the introduction was written by an editor rather than by the author of the novel, then you need to reference the introduction separately. You can treat it similarly to a chapter in an edited book
You will need to include the following information:
1 Kiernan Ryan, 'Introduction', In William Shakespeare, King Lear, ed by T.J.B. Spencer, Stanley Wells, George Hunter, and Kiernan Ryan (Penguin Books, 2005), pp. xxi-lxiv (p. xxxviii).
Ryan, Kiernan, 'Introduction', in William Shakespeare, King Lear, ed by T.J.B. Spencer, Stanley Wells, George Hunter, and Kiernan Ryan (Penguin Books, 2005), pp. xxi-lxiv
Electronic books or eBooks may be referenced in the same way as their print equivalents but with the addition of a DOI number or URL.
If there is a DOI available, you should include:
If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead:
1 Nancy Steinhardt, Chinese Architecture: A History, (Princeton University Press, 2019), (p. 153), doi:10.1515/9780691191973 .
No DOI available:2 Gavin Murray-Miller, Revolutionary Europe: Politics, Community and Culture in Transnational Context, 1775-1922, (Bloomsbury, 2020), (p.54), <https://www.vlebooks.com/Product/Index/1826685> [accessed 18 February 2022] .
4 Steinhardt, p. 153.
6 Murray-Miller, p. 57.
Murray-Miller, Gavin, Revolutionary Europe: Politics, Community and Culture in Transnational Context, 1775-1922, (Bloomsbury, 2020), <https://www.vlebooks.com/Product/Index/1826685> [accessed 18 February 2022].
Steinhardt, Nancy, Chinese Architecture: A History, (Princeton University Press, 2019), doi:10.1515/9780691191973.
You can reference programmes you've accessed via Box of Broadcasts in the same way as you would for a television programme viewed online:
You can reference items you have viewed using Box of Broadcasts in the same way.
1 'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016, <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29> [accessed 19 October 2016].
15 'Patisserie Week'.
'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016, <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29> [accessed 19 October 2016].
Capitalise the first letter of each author's last name and each initial.
Also capitalise the first letter of all main words throughout the title and after the colon, if there is a subtitle. See for example Book or Journal article.
Edited books contain collections of chapters which are written by different authors and collated by an editor or editors.
To reference a chapter in an edited print book, you need to record the following details:
2 Tadao Ando, 'Towards New Horizons in Architecture', in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, ed. by Kate Nesbitt (Princeton Architectural Press, 1996), pp. 462-530 (p.473).
Repeat citations for chapters in edited books should also include the editor(s):
15 Ando, ed. Kate Nesbitt, p. 488.
Ando, Tadao 'Towards New Horizons in Architecture', in Theorizing a New Agenda for Architecture, ed. by Kate Nesbitt (Princeton Architectural Press, 1996), pp. 462-530.
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To reference a chapter in an edited electronic book, you need to record the following details:
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead:
If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
For books you have downloaded to an eReader device, provide the type of digital file instead and do not include the chapter/page numbers:
DOI available:
1 Lamont Holden and Adam J. Kruse, 'Culture, Creation, and Community in Hip-Hop Classrooms', in The Oxford Handbook of Music Composition Pedagogy, ed. by Michele Kaschub (Oxford University Press, 2024), pp. 614-34 (p.615), doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197574874.001.0001
No DOI available:
2 Craig N. Cipolla, 'Colonial Consumption and Community Preservation: From Trade Beads to Taffeta Skirts', in Rethinking Colonialism: Comparative Archaeological Approaches, ed. by Craig N. Cipolla and Katherine Howlett Hayes (University Press of Florida, 2015), pp. 19-39 (p.23), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/Cardiff/detail.action?docID=200617>
Book accessed using a digital reading device e.g. Kindle:
3 Julia Bell, 'Whose Story Is It Anyway?', in The Creative Writing Coursebook: Forty Authors Share Advice and Exercises for Fiction and Poetry, ed. by Julia Bell and Paul Magrs (Macmillan, 2016), Kindle Edition.
Repeat citations for chapters in edited books should also include the editor(s):
4 Holden and Kruse, ed. Kaschub, p. 615.
6 Cipolla, eds. Cipolla and Hayes, p. 23.
9 Bell, eds. Bell and Margrs.
Bell, Julia, 'Whose Story Is It Anyway?', in The Creative Writing Coursebook: Forty Authors Share Advice and Exercises for Fiction and Poetry, ed. by Julia Bell and Paul Magrs (Macmillan, 2016), Kindle Edition.
Cipolla, Craig N., 'Colonial Consumption and Community Preservation: From Trade Beads to Taffeta Skirts', in Rethinking Colonialism: Comparative Archaeological Approaches, ed. by Craig N. Cipolla and Katherine Howlett Hayes (University Press of Florida, 2015), pp. 19-39, <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/Cardiff/detail.action?docID=200617> [accessed 6 August 2024].
Holden, Lamont and Adam J. Kruse, 'Culture, Creation, and Community in Hip-Hop Classrooms', in The Oxford Handbook of Music Composition Pedagogy, ed. by Michele Kaschub (Oxford University Press, 2024), pp. 614-34, doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197574874.001.0001.
Referencing a work from a collection or anthology is identical to referencing a Chapter in an edited book. However, there are a few extra details needed for a poem or dramatic work.
]]>A collected work or anthology features a collection of individual works. For example, this could be a collection of short stories, poems, dramatic works or essays. These individual works may be written by the same author or by a different author for each work.
Referencing a work from a collection or anthology is identical to referencing a Chapter in an edited book. However, there are a few extra details needed for a poem or dramatic work.
To reference a print short story or essay from a collection or anthology, you need to record the following details:
2 Roberta Seelinger Trites, '"Queer Performances": Lesbian Politics in Little Women', in Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays, ed. by Janice M. Alberghene and Beverly Lyon Clark (Garland Publishing, 1999), pp. 139-160 (p.146).
Repeat citations should also include the editor(s):
Trites, eds. Alberghene and Clark, p. 150.
Trites, Roberta Seelinger, '"Queer Performances": Lesbian Politics in Little Women', in Little Women and the Feminist Imagination: Criticism, Controversy, Personal Essays, ed. by Janice M. Alberghene and Beverly Lyon Clark (Garland Publishing, 1999), pp. 139-160.
To reference an electronic short story or essay from a collection or anthology, you need to record the following details:
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead:
If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
DOI available:
1 Oscar Wilde, 'The Star-Child', in The Complete Short Stories, ed. by John Sloan (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 202-216 (p. 205), doi:10.1093/owc/9780199535064.001.0001.
No DOI available:
2 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 'The Yellow Wall-paper', in Dreams, Visions and Realities: An Anthology of Short Stories by Turn-of-the-century Woman Writers, ed. by Stephanie Forward (University of Birmingham Press, 2003), pp. 90-102 (p.96), <https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=226983&site=ehost-live&scope=site>
Repeat citations should also include the editor(s):
4 Wilde, ed. Sloan, p. 205.
6 Gilman, ed. Forward, p. 96.
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 'The Yellow Wall-paper', in Dreams, Visions and Realities: An Anthology of Short Stories by Turn-of-the-century Woman Writers, ed. by Stephanie Forward (University of Birmingham Press, 2003), pp. 90-102, <https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=226983&site=ehost-live&scope=site> [accessed 30 August 2024].
Wilde, Oscar, 'The Star-Child', in The Complete Short Stories, ed. by John Sloan (Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 202-216, doi:10.1093/owc/9780199535064.001.0001.
To reference a print poem from a collection or anthology, you need to record the following details:
2 Matthew Arnold, 'A Summer Night', in The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. by Kenneth Allott (Longmans, 1965), pp. 267-71 (p. 268), ll. 23-5.
Arnold, ll. 23-5.
Arnold, Matthew, 'A Summer Night', in The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. by Kenneth Allott (Longmans, 1965), pp. 267-71
To reference an electronic poem from a collection work or anthology, you need to record the same details as above and include the DOI:
If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead:
DOI available:
1 Charles Olson, 'A Lion Upon the Floor', in The Collected Poems of Charles Olson: Excluding the Maximus Poems, ed. by George F. Butterick (University of California Press, 1987), pp. 12-12 (p. 12), l. 8, doi:10.2307/jj.5973115.160.
No DOI available:
2 William Wordsworth, 'The Tuft of Primroses', in The Poems of William Wordsworth: Collected Reading Texts From the Cornell Wordsworth Series Volume II, ed. by Jared Curtis (Humanities-Ebooks, 2009), pp. 274-297 (pp. 274-291), ll. 36-8, <https://search-ebscohost-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=373340&site=ehost-live&scope=site> [accessed 9 August 2024].
4 Olson, l. 20.
6 Wordsworth, ll. 36-8.
Olson, Charles, 'A Lion Upon the Floor', in The Collected Poems of Charles Olson: Excluding the Maximus Poems, ed. by George F. Butterick (University of California Press, 1987), pp. 12-12, doi:10.2307/jj.5973115.160
Wordsworth, William, 'The Tuft of Primroses', in The Poems of William Wordsworth: Collected Reading Texts From the Cornell Wordsworth Series Volume II, ed. by Jared Curtis (Humanities-Ebooks, 2009), pp. 274-297, <https://search-ebscohost-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=373340&site=ehost-live&scope=site> [accessed 9 August 2024]
There are two methods for referencing a print dramatic work in a collection or anthology.
You can either include the act, scene and line number(s):
Or you can include the page numbers instead:
Referencing using act, scene and line number(s):
1 William Shakespeare, 'A Midsommer Nights Dreame', in The New Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works Critical Reference Edition Volume 1, ed. by Gary Taylor and others (Oxford University Press, 2017), 5.1 ll. 132-135.
Referencing using page numbers:
2 Henrik Ibsen, 'The lady from the sea', in Plays: Three, ed. by Michael Meyer (Eyre Methuen Ltd, 1980), pp. 127-212 (p.165).
Shakespeare, ll. 132-135.
Ibsen, p. 165.
Ibsen, Henrik, 'The lady from the sea', in Plays: Three, ed. by Michael Meyer (Eyre Methuen Ltd, 1980), pp. 127-212
Shakespeare, William, 'A Midsommer Nights Dreame', in The New Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works Critical Reference Edition Volume 1, ed. by Gary Taylor and others (Oxford University Press, 2017), 5.1 ll. 132-135
To reference an electronic dramatic work in a collection or anthology, you need to record the same details as above and include the DOI:
OR
If the page numbers are unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave them out. Include an edition number if the work is in its second edition or beyond.
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead:
OR
1 Thomas Middleton, 'The Revenger's Tragedy' in Thomas Middleton, Vol. 1: The Collected Works, ed. by MacDonald P. Jackson (Oxford University Press, 2012), 1.4 ll. 1-3, doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199580538.book.1.
2 Oscar Wilde, 'The Importance of Being Earnest' in Complete works of Oscar Wilde, (Glasgow HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 356-419 (p. 375), <https://www-proquest-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/publication/4686318?accountid=9883&OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo> [accessed 4 Dec 2024].
3 Middleton, l.3
4 Wilde, p. 375
Middleton, Thomas, 'The Revenger's Tragedy', in Thomas Middleton, Vol.1:The Collected Works, ed. by MacDonald P. Jackson (Oxford University Press, 2012), 1.4 ll.1-3, doi:10.1093/actrade/9780199580538.book.1
Wilde, Oscar 'The Importance of Being Earnest' in Complete works of Oscar Wilde, (Glasgow HarperCollins, 2003), pp. 356-419, <https://www-proquest-com.abc.cardiff.ac.uk/publication/4686318?accountid=9883&OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primo> [accessed 4 Dec 2024]
When referencing the print copy of a published conference proceeding, you should include the following information:
For a conference proceeding found online, you should also add the DOI before the page number, and place the page number in brackets. If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead. If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
Use the first main word of the title to organise the conference proceeding alphabetically in your bibliography.
1 Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art held at the National Museum & Gallery, Cardiff 3-6 September 1998, ed. by Mark Redknapp and others (Oxbow, 2001), p. 3.
2 Research for Social Justice: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Research for Social Justice (ISRISJ 2018), October 30, 2018, Bandung, Indonesia, ed. by Elly Malihah and others (Routledge, 2019), doi:10.1201/9780429428470 (p. 16).
3 Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995, Volume 2: German Linguistics, ed. by Richard M. Hogg and Linda van Bergen (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/Cardiff/detail.action?docID=726032>
15 Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art, p. 3.
18 Research for Social Justice, p. 16.
19 Historical Linguistics 1995, p. 11.
Historical Linguistics 1995: Selected Papers from the 12th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, August 1995, Volume 2: German Linguistics, ed. by Richard M. Hogg and Linda van Bergen (John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1998), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/Cardiff/detail.action?docID=726032> [accessed 26 July 2024]
Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Insular Art held at the National Museum & Gallery, Cardiff 3-6 September 1998, ed. by Mark Redknapp and others (Oxbow, 2001)
Research for Social Justice: Proceedings of the International Seminar on Research for Social Justice (ISRISJ 2018), October 30, 2018, Bandung, Indonesia, ed. by Elly Malihah and others (Routledge, 2019), doi:10.1201/9780429428470
When referencing an individual paper from a conference proceeding published in a book, you should follow the same advice as for book chapter:
For papers found online in an electronic book, you should also add the DOI before the page range. If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead. If the page range and numbers are unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave them out.
For papers published in a journal, follow the same format as for Journal article.
1 Christopher Powell, 'Who Did What: Division of Labour among Construction-Related Firms', in Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, ed. by Santiago Huerta (Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2003), pp. 1649-55 (p. 1654).
2 SiYoung Chung and Hichang Cho, 'Parasocial Relationship via Reality TV and Social Media: Its Implications for Celebrity Endorsement', in TVX '14: ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, ed. by Patrck Oliver and others (Association for Computing Machinery, 2014), doi:10.1145/2602299.2602306
3 Jessica L. Lamont and Georgia Boundouraki, 'Of Curses and Cults: Private and Public Ritual in Classical Cypete', in Popular Religion and Ritual in Prehistoric and Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. by Giorgos Vavouranakis (Archaeopress, 2019), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cardiff/detail.action?docID=5845648> [accessed 26 July 2024] pp. 125-136 (p. 128).
15 Powell, p. 1654.
18 Chung and Cho, p. 52.
19 Lamont and Boundouraki, p. 128.
Chung, SiYoung and Hichang Cho, 'Parasocial Relationship via Reality TV and Social Media: Its Implications for Celebrity Endorsement', in TVX '14: ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video, ed. by Patrck Oliver and more (Association for Computing Machinery, 2014), doi:10.1145/2602299.2602306 pp. 47-54
Lamont, L. Jessica and Georgia Boundouraki, 'Of Curses and Cults: Private and Public Ritual in Classical Cypete', in Popular Religion and Ritual in Prehistoric and Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean, ed. by Giorgos Vavouranakis (Archaeopress. 2019), <https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/cardiff/detail.action?docID=5845648> [accessed 26 July 2024] pp. 125-136
Powell, Christopher, 'Who Did What: Division of Labour among Construction-Related Firms', in Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History, ed. by Santiago Huerta (Instituto Juan de Herrera, 2003), pp. 1649-55
When referencing an unpublished paper or presentation at a conference, you should include the following information:
For papers or presentations found online, you should also add the DOI at the end of the reference. If there is no DOI available, include the URL and date accessed instead.
1 David Stacey and Harsha Gore, 'Decolonising Architecture: Bath and the Library', unpublished paper delivered at the Architecture Librarians' Group Annual Conference (Online, 14-15 July 2021).
2 Sandeep Mahal, 'Love Literacy, Love Libraries', unpublished paper delivered at LILAC 2019 (Nottingham, 24-26 April 2019) <https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/love-literacy-love-libraries-sandeep-mahal-lilac-2019-keynote-address> [accessed 1 February 2022].
15 Stacey and Gore.
16 Mahal.
Mahal, Sandeep, 'Love Literacy, Love Libraries', unpublished paper delivered at LILAC 2019 (Nottingham, 24-26 April 2019) <https://www.slideshare.net/infolit_group/love-literacy-love-libraries-sandeep-mahal-lilac-2019-keynote-address> [accessed 1 February 2022]
Stacey, David and Harsha Gore, 'Decolonising Architecture: Bath and the Library', unpublished paper delivered at the Architecture Librarians' Group Annual Conference (Online, 14-15 July 2021)
An organisation may be the 'author' of a work, where an individual is not named.
3 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, Planning and pollution control (TSO, 2004)
If no publication date is given but it can be ascertained, put the year in square brackets e.g. [1989].
If no year can be determined write [n.d.], meaning no date.
1 Nicholas Horsfall, A Companion to the Study of Virgil (Brill, [n.d.]), p. 23.
Horsfall, Nicholas, A Companion to the Study of Virgil (Brill, [n.d.])
If a book has been through several editions there may be several copyright dates on the back of the title page. You should take the latest date as your publication date - this is the publication date of the book you are holding.
Be sure to take the latest publication date, not the latest reprint date, which may be more recent. A reprint is not a new edition.
If you are referencing any type of electronic material, you will need to supply a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if there is one available.
A DOI is a unique, never-changing sequence of numbers and letters. It is provided by some publishers to permanently identify a digital item, such as an electronic journal article or an electronic books.
You can check for a DOI in an item's bibliographic record, under the item's title, or in the first few pages near the copyright information. You can also search the item details using the website Crossref.
If the electronic material has a DOI available, include it at the end of the reference. You do not need to include the URL or the date you accessed the material. If the page number is unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave it out.
If there is no DOI available, include the URL and access date instead.
Footnote example
1 Brenda Shick, Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer, Advances in the Sign-Language Development of Deaf Children (Oxford University Press, 2005), (p. 26), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180947.001.0001.
13 Shick, Marschark and Spencer, p. 26.
Shick, Brenda, Marc Marschark and Patricia Elizabeth Spencer, Advances in the Sign-Language Development of Deaf Children (Oxford University Press, 2005), doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195180947.001.0001
The guidance on this page explains how to reference a play which has been published as a single publication. For details of how to deal with plays in anthologies, see the example for Collected works / anthologies.
For a footnote, you need to include the following information:
Only include the edition number if the book is in its second edition or beyond.
If the play doesn’t have either acts or scenes, use page numbers instead.
When citing primary material, use a footnote reference the first time you refer to the text. In the corresponding footnote, after the citation, add a comment to explain how you will refer to the text on subsequent occasions in your piece of work:
2 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, ed. by Heather Hirschfield, 3rd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2019), 3.2.7-8; further references to this play are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant act, scene and line numbers in brackets.
2 William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, ed. by Heather Hirschfield, 3rd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2019), 3.2.7-8.
3 William Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, ed. by John Wilders (Bloomsbury, 1995), 2.1.125-26, doi: 10.5040/9781408163245.00000007
Shakespeare, William Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, ed. by Heather Hirschfield, 3rd edn (Cambridge University Press, 2019)
Shakespeare, William, Antony and Cleopatra, ed. by John Wilders (Bloomsbury, 1995), doi:10.5040/9781408163245.00000007
It is important to indicate the number of the edition, if it is not the first.
4 William J.R. Curtis, Modern Architecture Since 1900, 3rd edn (Phaidon, 1996), pp. 124-32 (p.128).
Curtis, William J.R. Modern Architecture Since 1900, 3rd edn (Phaidon, 1996)
In general, treat a dictionary or encyclopedia entry as a chapter within an edited book. If a dictionary has no named editor, reference it by its title instead. If there is no author for the entry, treat it as an anonymous work, listing it by the title of the entry.
If you are giving a volume number for a reference work that is a numbered part of a set, provide this in Roman numeral small capitals and omit p. or pp. for the page range of the encyclopedia in your footnote. Just use a page number or numbers to refer to the specific part of the entry you are referencing.
Elements needed for a printed source:
For works with named authors for each entry and an overall editor, along with a volume number:
3 Jay Scott Odell and Amy K. Stillman, 'Ukulele', in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. by Stanley Sadie, 2nd edn (Macmillan, 2001), XXVI, 57-8 (p. 57)
An entry in a printed reference work with no named authors for individual entries but with an overall editor for the work, and no volume number:
4 'Bacchanalia', in The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300-1990s, ed. by J Davidson Reid (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 238-271 (p. 240).
5 Odell and Stillman, p. 58.
Edited collections of works where there is no author of individual sections but an overall editor should include a short form title of the section, a short title of the edited work and the editor:
6 'Bacchanalia', in Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, ed. by J Davidson Reid, pp. 255-6.
Named authors for each entry and an overall editor:
Odell, Jay Scott and Amy K. Stillman, 'Ukulele', in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. by Stanley Sadie, 2nd edn (Macmillan, 2001), XXVI, 57-8
No named authors for individual entries but with an overall editor for the work:
'Bacchanalia', in The Oxford Guide to Classical Mythology in the Arts, 1300-1990s, ed. by J Davidson Reid (Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 238-271
If you are referring to an encyclopedia or dictionary entry you found in an online equivalent of an existing print publication, then please follow the advice above for print encyclopedia and dictionary entries.
If the reference is from an online only publication, you should include the following:
If page or section numbers are unavailable or likely to be unstable, then leave them out:
3 Seymour Baker House, 'More, Sir Thomas (1478-1535)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography <http://www.oxforddnb.com> [accessed 31 January 2022].
4 'Hoagie' in The Oxford English Dictionary <http://www.oed.com> [accessed 31 January 2022].
7 Suad Joesph, 'Marriage Practices', in Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures Online doi:10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_EWICCOM_0183.
5 Seymour Baker House
6 'Hoagie' in The Oxford English Dictionary
8 Suad Joesph
Baker House, Seymour, 'More, Sir Thomas [St Thomas More] (1478-1535)', in Oxford Dictionary of National Bibliography <http://www.oxforddnb.com> [accessed 31 January 2022]
'Hoagie' in The Oxford English Dictionary <http://www.oed.com> [accessed 31 January 2022]
Joseph, Suad, 'Marriage Practices', in Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures Online doi:10.1163/1872-5309_ewic_EWICCOM_0183
If you wish to reference an epigraph from a book, you will need to include the following information:
1 Sylvia Plath in The Midnight Library by Matt Haig (Canongate Books, 2021), epigraph.
2 Jessamyn West in The Robber Bride by Margaret Atwood (Hachette Digital, 2009), p. 8, <https://read.kortext.com/reader/epub/717899?page=> [23 April 2025].
15 Plath, epigraph.
16 West, p.8
Plath, Sylvia, in The Midnight Library by Matt Haig (Canongate Books, 2021), epigraph.
West, Jessamyn, in The Robber Bride by Margaret Atwood (Hachette Digital, 2009), p. 8, <https://read.kortext.com/reader/epub/717899?page=> [23 April 2025].
For films, whether on streaming platforms, DVD, video or Blu-ray provide the following information:
In your bibliography, list the film in alphabetical order by the first main word in its title.
When quoting from or referring to specific passages from a film, you may wish to give a timestamp in your footnote in place of a page number. Timestamps are given in a hh:mm:ss format. It is enough to only give the timestamp for the beginning of the quote or scene you are describing.
For television programmes streamed, on DVD or in box sets, see television programme.
2 Super Size Me, dir. by Morgan Spurlock (Tartan Video, 2005).
3 Dune, dir. by Denis Villeneuve (Warner Brothers Pictures, 2021).
Example including a timestamp:
4 Pride and Prejudice, dir. by Joe Wright (Universal Pictures, 2006), 00:24:15. Further references to this film are included in the body of the essay, giving a timestamp in brackets.
5 Super Size Me.
(00:24:15).
Dune, dir. by Denis Villeneuve (Warner Brothers Pictures, 2021)
Pride and Prejudice, dir. by Joe Wright (Universal Pictures, 2006)
Super Size Me, dir. by Morgan Spurlock (Tartan Video, 2005)
For films on DVD, video or Blu-ray provide the following information:
In your bibliography, list the film in alphabetical order by the first main word in its title.
For televsion programmes on DVD or box sets, see televsion programme.
2 Super Size Me [on DVD], dir. by Morgan Spurlock (Tartan Video, 2005).
5 Super Size Me
Super Size Me [on DVD], dir. by Morgan Spurlock (Tartan Video, 2005)
To create a footnote in Word:
You can speed up the process by using the Word shortcut instead, pressing the Ctrl, Alt and F keys together.
To delete a footnote completely, delete its footnote marker in the text.
]]>If you are writing a piece of research in the English language but are referring to sources which are written in other languages, use the same format as required for English sources, but instead of capitalizing the first letter of each main word, use the capitalization methods appropriate to the language.
2 Le Corbusier, Le Corbusier et son atelier rue de Sèvres 35: oeuvre complète 1952-1957, 9e éd (Editions d'Architecture, 1995), p. 65.
Le Corbusier, Le Corbusier et son atelier rue de Sèvres 35: oeuvre complète 1952-1957, 9e éd (Editions d'Architecture, 1995)
For sources which you have read in the English translation you should also include the name of the translator.
3 L. Alberti, Music Through the Ages, trans. by R. Pierce (Cassell, 1974), p. 5.
Alberti, L. Music Through the Ages, trans. by R. Pierce (Cassell, 1974)
When quoting or discussing content generated by an AI service such as Microsoft Copilot, you must cite and reference this in your work. You should also acknowledge when you have used responses to prompts you have entered into a Generative AI tool such as Copilot to write/produce parts of your assignment on your behalf.
If you are going to use Generative AI services such as Microsoft Copilot in your assessed work, please first check with your School what type of use is permitted. Also bear in mind that you should:
Due to the generative nature of the content produced, it is not possible for a reader to follow up or replicate the information. So, when discussing content derived from a Generative AI tool such as Microsoft Copilot, you should reference it in a similar way as ‘interviews and other personal communications’.
Check with your School to find out how you should discuss or quote prompts and responses in your work. It may be appropriate, in your submitted text, to note the prompts you used to generate relevant learning material in your text.
In an essay on the benefits of AI in education, for example, you might write:
Microsoft Copilot1 was asked the following question: ‘what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?’ The response from Copilot included the suggestion that it can assist students by providing quick access to information on their topic and suggesting sources. However, when this initial question was refined to ‘how effective is Copilot at providing references to academic sources?’, the response suggested that any sources provided by the service should be verified independently by the user2
For a footnote citation you should include:
For a Bibliography example you should include:
The above example refers to a response from Copilot and makes use of the material by paraphrasing it. If you are copying directly from a response, you should indicate this is a direct quotation in accordance with the guidance for quotations.
For the purposes of submitting work for anonymous marking, students may replace their name with their student number.
For longer prompts/conversations, you could also include a transcript or screenshot in an appendix.
2 OpenAI ChatGPT. ChatGPT response to Joanne Smith, 23 March 2023.
3Microsoft Copilot. Copilot response to C1234560, 10 September 2025.
OpenAI, ChatGPT, Response to Joanne Smith, 23 March 2023
Microsoft Copilot, Response to C123456, 10 September 2025
If you are referencing content generated using AI by others rather than yourself, you can reference this according to the type of source in which it was found.
For example, if you are incorporating an AI generated image found on a web site, you should reference it as per the advice found in the Image/ Diagram example. If quoting or paraphrasing text generated by others which has been reported in a Book or Journal Article, follow the advice for those sources.
In all cases, ensure you make it clear that you are quoting or discussing AI rather than human generated content.
Figure 1. Griffith, E, A Pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E, 20226
6 Griffith, E, A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E, 2022
Griffith, E, A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E, 2022
Hansard is the official report of all debates in the House of Commons and House of Lords. When referencing a specific Hansard debate, include the following:
1 HC Deb, 20 December 1807, vol. 8, cols. 941-943 <https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1807-02-20/debates/e5f769dc-ff95-4ce6-a6e2-85893294935c/SlaveTradeAbolitionBill> [accessed 6 January 2026].
15 HC Deb, vol. 7, col. 943.
HC Deb, 20 December 1807, vol. 8, col. 941-943 <https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1807-02-20/debates/e5f769dc-ff95-4ce6-a6e2-85893294935c/SlaveTradeAbolitionBill> [accessed 6 January 2026]
You should label every image you use with a figure number and a brief description, even if you have created the image yourself.
You will need to include the following in the label:
If you only have a few images (for example, 5 or fewer), reference them individually using footnotes and then include the full reference in your bibliography.
If you have used a larger number of references you should instead, under the heading List of illustrations, provide a separate page with a list of all the images you have used with their full references in the MHRA style, according to the type of source in which you find them e.g. book, journal article.
In your text, refer to the figure number as you introduce it. For example:
Much modern Spanish architecture plays with light and form (see Figure 3).
Figure 3. Joel Filipe, White Apartment Building in Madrid, 2016.1
1 Joel Filipe, White Apartment Building in Madrid, 2016 <https://unsplash.com/photos/RFDP7_80v5A> [accessed 25 October 2021].
Filipe, Joel, White Apartment Building in Madrid, 2016 <https://unsplash.com/photos/RFDP7_80v5A> [accessed 25 October 2021].
Images found online should include the following information:
Figure 2. Zanele Muholi, Qinisio, The Sails, Durban, 2019. 2
Muholi, Zanele, Qinisio, The Sails, Durban, 2019 <https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-modern/exhibition/zanele-muholi> [accessed 25 October 2021].
If you have taken the image, photo or diagram from a published source, include the details of the publication. See the following examples for more details:
Figure 3. Josef Albers, Optical Mixture XII-2, 2013.4
Albers, Josef, Optical Mixture XII-2, in Josef Albers, Interaction of Color, 50th anniversary ed., (Yale University Press, 2013)
If you have adapted or modified the image in any way, make this clear in the label and the reference.
Figure 5. Kilvey Hill (adapted from Paul Saunders, Kilvey Hill, 2003).
Saunders, Paul, Kilvey Hill, 2003 <http://www.wilderness-wales.co.uk/images/october04.jpg> [accessed 25 October 2021].
Images that you have created or photos that you have taken yourself should still be reference in full, with your name as the creator.
You will need to include the following:
If you wish, you can also add a comment if the image was created especially for your dissertation or other work.
Figure 1. Scott Pryor, Installation view of 'Olafur Eliasson' at Tate Modern, London, 2019.5
Figure 5. Ceri Daniels, Self Portrait, created by the author for this dissertation, 2021.6
Pryor, Scott, Installation View of 'Olafur Eliasson' at Tate Modern, London, 2019.
Daniels, Ceri, Self Portrait, 2021.
Label every illustration you include in your work with a figure number and a brief description/caption, using the term 'FIG' in small capitals followed by a number. If you have adapted or modified the image in any way, make this clear in the figure information.
Each image will then need a full reference in either a List of Illustrations or the Bibliography. If you only have a few images (for example 5 or fewer), include the full references as part of your bibliography. If you have used a larger number of illustrations, you should instead reference them under the heading List of Illustrations inserted before the bibliography.
Check the copyright information below before using images in your work.
For tables, follow the same format, using the term 'Table' followed by a number, for example Table 1.
Figure example:
FIG 1. ASSL Library at Cardiff University, 2020. Photograph by Barry Diamond on Cardiff University media library
When referencing the source, you will need to include the following:
Refer to the image by the figure number within your main text, for example:
The library in Figure 1 supports the Arts and Humanities subjects at Cardiff University...
The Arts and Social Sciences library is quieter in the summer months (FIG. 1)
Diamond, Barry, ASSL Library (Cardiff University, 2020) [accessed 11 June 2025]
When referring to a diagram or image within your work that you have not embedded, you must provide a full reference appropriate to the type of source the item is from. For example, if the image was found in a book, follow the guidelines for referencing a book. If the image was taken from a website, follow the guidelines for referencing a website.
When referencing from a print source, include the following:
1 Arthur Rackham, 'The Mad Hatter's Tea Party' in Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland (William Heinemann, 1907), p. 12.
15 Rackham, p. 12.
Rackham, Arthur, 'The Mad Hatter's Tea Party' in Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland (William Heinemann, 1907)
When referencing an online source, include information appropriate to the type of source the image is from. Generally, you will need to include the following:
2 Sanek10, Dragonfly, Insect, Wings (Pixabay, 2025) <https://pixabay.com/photos/dragonfly-insect-wings-nature-9326948/> [accessed 11 June 2025].
16 Sanek10.
Sanek10, Dragonfly, Insect, Wings (Pixabay, 2025) <https://pixabay.com/photos/dragonfly-insect-wings-nature-9326948/> [accessed 11 June 2025]
For images used in your posters, presentations or video material, you could opt to add a caption for each image you include, which provides the reference details. Alternatively, if this is not practical or would be detrimental to the visual integrity of your material, you may opt to credit the images using a short citation and then provide a full reference in the footnote and bibliography/ List of illustrations. In a video or PowerPoint presentation, this might be a separate references section or slide at the end. In a poster presentation, add a box in the corner of the poster, or list them on a separate sheet next to the poster. You should check with your supervisor that your intended method is acceptable.
Your full reference should include information appropriate to the type of source the image, figure, or table is from. For example, if referencing an image found in a book, follow the guidelines for referencing a book. If there is no author for the image, you can use the title given or a brief description instead and then put the year produced.
For an online image, as a minimum include:
FIG 2. Dariusz Sankowski, Glasses, Book, Phone (Pixabay, 2015) <https://pixabay.com/photos/glasses-book-phone-iphone-1052023/ > [accessed 11 June 2025].
OR
FIG 2. Glasses, Book, Phone.
3 Dariusz Sankowski, Glasses, Book, Phone (Pixabay, 2015) <https://pixabay.com/photos/glasses-book-phone-iphone-1052023/ > [accessed 11 June 2025].
17 Sankowski.
Sankowski, Dariusz, Glasses, Book, Phone (Pixabay, 2015) <https://pixabay.com/photos/glasses-book-phone-iphone-1052023/ > [accessed 11 June 2025]
Images, diagrams, graphs or tables created by others are usually protected by copyright. Under educational exceptions in UK copyright legislation, it is usually permissible to use images and table in non-commercial research or private study, including coursework. The amount of work used must be considered using ‘fair dealing’ guidelines. This means that the amount of work used should be appropriate and reasonable, attributed, and not infringe on the market value of the work.
Images must not be used in published works or made publicly accessible in an electronic or online format without seeking permission from the rightsholder.
However, in some cases the author may state their permission for their work to be re-used or have applied a Creative Commons licence to the image. If you are using an image licensed under Creative Commons in published or publicly accessible work, you should also include a link to the licence in your full reference, after the URL (e.g. licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0). Always check the terms of use to see if permission is granted. If in doubt, contact copyright@cardiff.ac.uk.
To find copyright free images, try using royalty free image sites such as:
You could also use the Creative Commons search engine.
When citing and referencing interpretation panels or leaflets found in historic buildings or art galleries include:
For the footnote citation also include some indication of where on the panel or leaflet it appears, possibly with paragraph numbers.
2 National Trust, ‘Dining Room’ (interpretation panel, Tredegar House, Newport, Wales) [viewed 14th December 2016], (para. 2 of 5).
6 National Trust, para. 3 of 5.
National Trust, ‘Dining Room’ (interpretation panel, Tredegar House, Newport, Wales) [viewed 14th December 2016].
Face-to-face or email communication with another individual or organisation must be acknowledged if you include in in your assignment.
For a footnote citation you should include:
For the bibliography you should include:
1 Bob Smith, Exeter Cathedral, interviewed by Samuel Parsons, 20 December 2020, pp. 2-6.
Smith, Bob, Exeter Cathedral, interviewed by Samuel Parsons, 20 December 2020
To cite and reference a journal article, you will need to record the following information:
Some journal volumes are divided into issues or parts. Add a dot after the volume number and then write the issue/part number e.g. Volume 5 Issue 3 is written as 5.3.
If you have read an article in its printed format, and no DOI is available, leave this out of your citation and reference. If you have used an online version and there is no DOI , provide the URL and date accessed instead.
3 Rosie Burt and Janet Mills, 'Taking the Plunge: The Hopes and Fears of Students as they Begin Music College', British Journal of Musical Education, 23.1 (2006), pp. 51-73 (p. 53), doi:10.1017/S0265051705006741.
4 Jon Goodbun, 'Mud and Modernity', ARENA Journal of Architectural Research, 1.1 (2016), pp. 1-15 (p. 11), doi:10.5334/ajar.6.
5 Anwar T Merchant and others, 'Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison', Nutrition Journal, 6.1 (2007), pp. 1-7 (p. 3) <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022].
9 Burt and Mills, p. 60.
10 Goodbun, p. 12.
15 Merchant and others, para. 15 of 22.
Burt, Rosie and Janet Mills, 'Taking the Plunge: The Hopes and Fears of Students as they Begin Music College', British Journal of Musical Education, 23.1 (2006), pp. 51-73, doi:10.1017/S0265051705006741
Goodbun, Jon, 'Mud and Modernity', ARENA Journal of Architectural Research, 1.1 (2016), pp. 1-15, doi:10.5334/ajar.6
Merchant, Anwar T and others, 'Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison', Nutrition Journal, 6.1 (2007), pp. 1-7 <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022]
Use this if the journal is only available online or differs from its printed equivalent. Otherwise, refer to Journal article.
If a DOI is available use this instead of a URL. If you are able to use a DOI number then you don't need to include the accessed date.
If no page numbers are available, use a paragraph reference instead.
3 Jon Goodbun, 'Mud and Modernity', ARENA Journal of Architectural Research, 1.1 (2016), 1-15 (p. 3) <http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ajar.6>
4 Anwar T Merchant and others, 'Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison', Nutrition Journal, 6.1 (2007) <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022] (para. 3 of 22).
10 Goodbun, p. 12.
15 Merchant and others, para. 15 of 22.
Goodbun, Jon, 'Mud and Modernity', ARENA Journal of Architectural Research, 1.1 (2016), 1-15 <http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ajar.6>
Merchant, Anwar T and others, 'Diet, physical activity, and adiposity in children in poor and rich neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional comparison', Nutrition Journal, 6.1 (2007) <http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-1.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022]
For your footnote citation you should include:
For your bibliographic reference you should include:
2 Richard Weston, ‘Alvar Aalto’ (Cardiff University, 18 October 2016) [lecture to BSc Architectural Studies Year 2].
Weston, Richard, ‘Alvar Aalto’ (Cardiff University, 18 October 2016) [lecture to BSc Architectural Studies Year 2]
You will need to include the following information:
6 Ordnance Survey, Brecon Beacons National Park / Park Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog, Explorer Series, Sheet OL13, 1:25,000 (Ordnance Survey, 2007).
Ordnance Survey, Brecon Beacons National Park / Park Cenedlaethol Bannau Brycheiniog, Explorer Series, Sheet OL13, 1:25,000 (Ordnance Survey, 2007)
If you accessed the map online or through an online database such as Digimap, you will need to include the following information:
In Digimap Roam, details needed for the reference can be found in the Map Information section. In Data Download, select the arrow to the right of any data product name to open an information box.
If you have created a map using data you have downloaded from Digimap, use your own name as the author. Then ensure you include the Digimap service you have used to create your map in the reference. A citation file is included with each product you have download to help you. Further examples are available on the Digimap web site.
Example of a map accessed using an online service, in this case Digimap:
5 Ordnance Survey, The Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul with Ss Dyfrig, Teilo and Euddogwy (2020), Scale 1:1500 (OS MasterMap) <http://edina.ac.uk/digimap> [accessed: 16 February 2022].
Example of digital map you have created using map data from Digimap:
6 Katherine Jones, Station Road, Radyr (2020), Scale 1:2,500 (OS Mastermap using Digimap Ordnance Survey Collection) <http://edina.ac.uk/digimap> [accessed: 20 January 2022].
Jones, Katherine, Station Road, Radyr (2020), Scale 1:2,500 (OS Mastermap using Digimap Ordnance Survey Collection) <http://edina.ac.uk/digimap> [accessed: 20 January 2022]
Ordnance Survey, The Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul with Ss Dyfrig, Teilo and Euddogwy (2020), Scale 1:1500 (OS MasterMap) <http://edina.ac.uk/digimap> [accessed: 16 February 2022]
The first time you reference the manuscript, you must provide following full details:
Subsequent references to these details should then be abbreviated.
The example here refers to a single document within an archive repository. It includes:
Cardiff University Library, Edward Thomas Collection, Letters, 10 November 1897, 4/24/798.
CU, Edward Thomas Collection, 4/24/798.
The example below refers to a single document within an archive repository. It includes the repository name, the title of the collection, the document series or files, the document description/date, and the reference number for the document in the archive collection:
First reference:
Cardiff University Library, Edward Thomas Collection, Letters, 10 November 1897, 4/24/798.
Subsequent references:
CU, Edward Thomas Collection, 4/24/798.
For multi-page manuscripts, state the specific page number at the end of full and abbreviated references in your footnotes. Un-numbered pages (called 'folios') can be referenced by providing the number of that folio in the page sequence (e.g., fol. 25). State whether you are referring to the front (recto) or back (verso) of the folio using the abbreviations r and v in superscript (e.g. fols 25r-27v).
First reference:
Cardiff University, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, Diaries, 20 December 1939-26 June 1940, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
Subsequent references:
CU, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
For multi-page manuscripts, state the specific page number at the end of full and abbreviated references in your footnotes.
Un-numbered pages (called 'folios') can be referenced by providing the number of that folio in the page sequence (e.g., fol. 25).
State whether you are referring to the front (recto) or back (verso) of the folio using the abbreviations r and v in superscript (e.g. fols 25r-27v).
Cardiff University, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, Diaries, 20 December 1939-26 June 1940, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
CU, Priscilla Scott-Ellis Papers, 415/7, fols 25r-27v.
Your essay may reference multiple publications by the same author.
For any repeat citations, include a shortened title of the publication. This makes it clear which publication you are referring to:
In your bibliography, multiple publications by the same author are listed alphabetically by title. You should ignore any definite or indefinite articles at the beginning of the title such as The or A.
Where there are publications written by the same first author on their own and with co-authors, list the individually written titles first, followed by their co-written works.
4 Neil, 'The Afterlives', pp. 11-13.
6 Neil, 'An Undefined Something Else', p. 70.
9 Neil, 'An Interview', p. 8
Badmington, Neil, The Afterlives of Roland Barthes (Bloomsbury Academic, 2016)
Badmington, Neil. 2020. 'An Undefined Something Else: Barthes, Culture, Neutral Life', Theory, Culture and Society, 37(2020), pp. 65-76
Badmington, Neil and Emma Mason, An Interview with Stephen Regan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available at: <https://academic.oup.com/ywcct/pages/interview_with_stephen_regan> [accessed 20 January 2022].
References to music scores or sheet music should include the following:
If you are referring to a particular edition or a collected edition you should also include details of the edition or volume.
2Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde, study score, Edition Eulenburg no. 905 (Eulenburg, [n.d.]).
3Paul Doe (ed.), Elizabethan Consort Music I, Musica Britannica, 44 (Stainer and Bell, 1979).
Wagner, Richard, Tristan und Isolde, study score, Edition Eulenburg no. 905 (Eulenburg, [n.d.])
Doe, Paul (ed.), Elizabethan Consort Music I, Musica Britannica, 44 (Stainer and Bell, 1979)
When referencing the print copy of a newspaper article, you should include the following information:
If the article doesn't have an author, then start your reference with the title of the article instead. Exclude The or A at the beginning of the title of English language newspapers, except when referring to The Times.
1Bertrand Benoit, 'G8 Faces Impasse on Global Warming', Financial Times, 29 May 2007, p. 9.
2'Students "more career driven"', South Wales Echo, 8 February 2012, p. 13.
If the article is from a supplement or section, include this in the reference:
3Will Alsop, 'Architecture: What does the Future Hold? Answers on a Postcard', Guardian, 21 June 2004, section G2, p.12.
15Benoit, p. 9.
Alsop, Will, 'Architecture: What does the Future Hold? Answers on a Postcard', Guardian, 21 June 2004, section G2, p. 12
Benoit, Bertrand, 'G8 Faces Impasse on Global Warming', Financial Times, 29 May 2007, p. 9
'Students "more career driven", South Wales Echo, 8 February 2012, p.13
For newspaper articles found online add the URL and accessed date:
For articles found in an online database such as Nexis UK, note the name and URL of the database.
If the article doesn't have an author, then start your reference with the title of the article instead. Exclude The or A at the beginning of the title of English language newspapers, except when referring to The Times.
If a page number is not available, use a paragraph number in your footnote citation to indicate the part of the article you are discussing.
1Denis Campbell and others, 'What Does 2017 Hold for Public Services?', Guardian, 3 January 2017 <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/03/society-2017-prisons-homelessness-welfare-reforms-nhs-social-care> [accessed 2 February 2022] (para. 3 of 48).
2Rob Merrick, 'Brexit Talks Dealt "Major Blow" as Top Diplomat Quits', Independent, 4 January 2017, Nexis UK <https://www.nexis.com> [accessed 2 February 2022] (para. 3 of 26).
15Campbell and others, para. 5 of 48.
Campbell, Denis and others, 'What Does 2017 Hold for Public Services?', Guardian, 3 January 2017 <https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/jan/03/society-2017-prisons-homelessness-welfare-reforms-nhs-social-care> [accessed 2 February 2022]
Merrick, Rob, 'Brexit Talks Dealt "Major Blow" as Top Diplomat Quits', Independent, 4 January 2017, Nexis UK <https://www.nexis.com> [accessed 2 February 2022]
For a footnote, you need to include the following information:
Only include the edition number if the book is in its second edition or beyond. If there is no editor, you can use the same referencing format as for a Book.
When citing primary material, use a footnote reference the first time you refer to the text. In the corresponding footnote, after the citation, add a comment to explain how you will refer to the text on subsequent occasions in your piece of work:
2 Jane Austin, Northanger Abbey, ed. by Marilyn Butler (Penguin, 1995), pp. 25-6; further references to the novel are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant page numbers in brackets.
2 Jane Austin, Northanger Abbey, ed. by Marilyn Butler (Penguin, 1995), pp. 25-6.
3 Iain Banks, The Wasp Factory (Futural, 1988), pp. 79-80.
Austin, Jane, Northanger Abbey ed. by Marilyn Butler (Penguin, 1995)
Banks, Iain, The Wasp Factory (Futural, 1988)
If a place of publication is not given on the source itself, but it can be ascertained, you can enclose it in square brackets. For example [London]. If you can't be sure of the location, you can add a question mark afterwards [London?]. If you can't identify a place of publication, then you can use the abbreviation [n.p.] which stands for 'no place' instead.
1 Cate Whittlesea and Karen Hodson, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics ([n.p.]: Elsevier, 2019), pp. 47-48.
Whittlesea, Cate and Karen Hodson, Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics ([n.p.]: Elsevier, 2019)
]]>
The guidance on this page explains how to reference a poem that is published in a single publication. For further details on how to reference a poem from a collected work or anthology, see Work from a collection / anthology.
You will need to include the following details in your bibliographic reference:
In your footnote use the abbreviation l. or ll. (line or lines) followed by the line number(s) to indicate the part of the poem you are discussing or quoting. For example, ll. 43-47.
For poems which are sub-divided into 'books', 'cantos' or other divisions, use a capital roman numeral to indicate the canto or book number and then provide the line or line numbers. In such cases the l. or ll. abbreviation before the line numbers is not required. The example opposite denotes 'Book 1, lines 45-47'.
If you intend to discuss the poem at length in your work, you can use a footnote reference the first time you refer to the text and then add a comment to explain how you will refer to the text on subsequent occasions in your piece of work. You can then use line numbers in brackets in the body of your essay:
2 John Milton, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006), I. 45-47; further references to this poem are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant line numbers in brackets.
2 John Milton, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006), I. 45-47.
Milton, John, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006)
The guidance on this page explains how to reference a poem that is published in a single publication. For further details on how to reference a poem from a collected work or anthology, see Work from a collection / anthology.
You will need to include the following details in your bibliographic reference:
In your footnote use the abbreviation l. or ll. (line or lines) followed by the line number(s) to indicate the part of the poem you are discussing or quoting. For example, ll. 43-47.
For poems which are sub-divided into 'books', 'cantos' or other divisions, use a capital roman numeral to indicate the canto or book number and then provide the line or line numbers. In such cases the l. or ll. abbreviation before the line numbers is not required. The example opposite denotes 'Book 1, lines 45-47'.
If you intend to discuss the poem at length in your work, you can use a footnote reference the first time you refer to the text and then add a comment to explain how you will refer to the text on subsequent occasions in your piece of work. You can then use line numbers in brackets in the body of your essay:
2 John Milton, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006), I. 45-47; further references to this poem are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant line numbers in brackets.
2 John Milton, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006), I. 45-47.
Milton, John, Paradise Lost ed. by Alastair Fowler, 2nd rev. edn (Longman, 2006)
A primary material is any type of source that you refer to repeatedly and is central to your argument.
The first time you reference the material, add a footnote as usual. Within the footnote, add a comment to explain how you will refer to the material in subsequent occasion. For example:
Further references to this novel/poem/play are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant page/line numbers in brackets.
Whenever you reference the primary material again, you do not need to use a footnote. Instead, add the relevant information in brackets after the quotation.
6 Matthew Arnold, ‘A Summer Night’, in The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. by Kenneth Allott (Longmans, 1965), pp. 267–71 (p. 268), ll. 23–5; further references to this poem are included in the body of the essay, giving the relevant line numbers in brackets.
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
TBC
When referencing a primary source in an online collection you will need to include the following:
1 The Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215, Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215 (Fordham University, 1996), in Internet Medieval Sourcebook <https://sourcebook.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp> [accessed 9 January 2024] (para. 4)
15 The Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215.
The Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215, Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215 (Fordham University, 1996), in Internet Medieval Sourcebook <https://sourcebook.fordham.edu/basis/lateran4.asp> [accessed 9 January 2024]
A short quotation, fewer than 40 words of prose or two lines of verse, can be incorporated your own writing with the use of single quotation marks.
Mackintosh’s Glasgow School of Art 'heralded the birth of a new style in 20th century European Architecture’.1
Longer quotations should be separated from the body of your text and indented from the left-hand margin. There is no need to include quotation marks. If you are quoting a long passage of verse, be sure to replicate the lineation (layout) of the original.
Bernard outlines his design ethos:
Mackintosh's firm belief that construction should be decorated and not decoration constructed, in other words that the salient and most requisite features should be selected for ornamentation, he applied with great rhythm and inventiveness, especially in those projects, such as the Glasgow School of Art and Scotland Street School, where budgets were severely limited.2
This theme is taken further by Macloed.
The pace of Tennyson's metre intensifies as the narrative reaches its climax:
Out flew the web and floated wide;
The mirror cracked from side to side;
"The curse is come upon me", cried;
The lady of Shalott.3
This concludes Part III of the poem.
If you need to omit or alter some words from the quote replace them with an ellipsis within square brackets.
Be careful not to alter the meaning of the quote by removing too many words. Make sure the grammar and spelling of the quotation matches that of the sentence into which you are incorporating the quotation. Use square brackets in the quote to indicate where you have changed the grammar or, for example, changed a capital to a lower case letter to fit the flow of your sentence.
'The state has an essential role […] in the legal definition of property rights'.3
Here the capital letter 'M' which began the sentence in the original quote has been altered to a lower case 'm' to fit the flow of the sentence in which the quote has been incorporated:
Honigman noted in his 1985 study, '[m]any of the ideas and words of The Pheonix and the Turtle quite evidently derive from the pelican's speech and adjacent matter in Love's Martyr'.4
Here the first name of the author under discussion (Jean Rhys) has been added to the quote to ensure clarity regarding to whom the quote refers:
It has been suggested that '[Jean] Rhys functions as the archetypal post-colonial woman writer'.5
Where possible you should aim to reference from the original source. However, sometimes you may need to cite an author whose work you have not personally read, but whose work is presented or summarised by the author of a publication you have consulted. This is known as a secondary reference.
In your text indicate that you are making reference to an author whose work you haven't read.
Then in your footnote, provide the details of the book you actually read. This reference should also then be listed in your bibliography.
Rodinelli, cited in Potts, describes the stages of a project... .1
1 David Potts, Project planning and analysis for development (Lynne Rienner, 2002), p. 37.
Potts, David, Project planning and analysis for development (Lynne Rienner, 2002)
If you are quoting a social media post it is important to question whether the post is a trustworthy and appropriate source. For some purposes, it is acceptable to quote social media posts in academic writing, but always be critical. See the tutorial Choosing quality sources for your academic work for more information on appropriate sources.
When writing a reference for a post from social media services where the text is short, for example, less than 20 words, use the content of the post as the title. Ensure you include any @handles, #hashtags, and emojis, as well as spelling, capitalization, punctuation and italicization. If the post is longer, for example, over 20 words, use the shortest amount that makes sense as the title and use […] to show the rest has been omitted.
The general format for referencing a social media site is:
1Cardiff University (@CardiffAlumni), ‘Last week, thousands of @cardiffuni students from the Class of 2024 celebrated their graduation surrounded by their friends and family. Congratulations [...]’, X, 23 July 2024 <https://x.com/CardiffAlumni/status/1815712351892496778?t=G3ng0DhK1ObeDpEKpngA9Q&s=09> [accessed 14 August 2024].
2Cardiff Library Services (@cardiffunilib), ‘It’s fine. Everything’s fine. #ASSLSummerGlowUp’, Instagram, 2 July 2024 <https://www.instagram.com/p/C86tiUHoEni/?igsh=MW9lb201cWp6NzVzeQ==> [accessed 14 August 2024].
3Keir Starmer, ‘Profile page’, Facebook, 12 December 2024 <https://www.facebook.com/share/18g38k4Ku1/> [accessed 12 December 2024].
4Cardiff University Alumni (@CardiffAlumni)
5Cardiff Library Services (@cardiffunilib)
6 Starmer
Cardiff Library Services (@cardiffunilib), ‘It’s fine. Everything’s fine. #ASSLSummerGlowUp’, Instagram, 2 July 2024 <https://www.instagram.com/p/C86tiUHoEni/?igsh=MW9lb201cWp6NzVzeQ==> [accessed 14 August 2024]
Cardiff University (@CardiffAlumni), ‘Last week, thousands of @cardiffuni students from the
class of 2024 celebrated their graduation surrounded by their friends and family. Congratulations [...]’, X, 23 July 2024 <https://x.com/CardiffAlumni/status/1815712351892496778?t=G3ng0DhK1ObeDpEKpngA9Q&s=09> [accessed 14 August 2024]
Starmer, Keir, ‘Profile page’, Facebook, 12 December 2024 <https://www.facebook.com/share/18g38k4Ku1/> [accessed 12 December 2024]
To reference a television programme, you should include the following information:
If the progamme is on a streaming service, such as Amazon or Netflix, note this as the channel name.
2 Politics Wales, BBC One, 30 January 2022.
3 Locke & Key, Netflix, 7 February 2020.
16Politics Wales.
17Locke & Key.
Locke & Key, Netflix, 7 February 2020
Politics Wales, BBC One, 30 January 2022
To reference an episode of a television series, include the following information:
If the progamme is on Amazon or Netflix, note this as the channel name.
1'Desert Worlds', The Green Planet, BBC One, 30 January 2022.
15'Desert Worlds'.
'Desert Worlds', The Green Planet, BBC One, 30 January 2022
To reference television programme viewed online, include the following information:
You can reference items you have viewed using Box of Broadcasts in the same way.
When quoting from or referring to specific passages from a TV episode, you may wish to give a timestamp in your footnote and indeed within your in-text references. Timestamps are given in a mm:ss format. Only include hours in the timestamp if the episode is longer than an hour. It is enough to give the timestamp for the beginning of the quote or scene you are describing.
1 'Brands', Do Black Lives Still Matter?, BBC Three, 31 May 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09hy33j/do-black-lives-still-matter-series-1-1-brands> [accessed 3 February 2022].
Timestamp in footnote citation:
2 'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016
15 'Brands'.
(15:20)
'Brands', Do Black Lives Still Matter?, BBC Three, 31 May 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09hy33j/do-black-lives-still-matter-series-1-1-brands> [accessed 3 February 2022]
'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016 <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29> [accessed 19 October 2016]
To reference television programme viewed on DVD, include the following information:
Use the episode title to add the television programme alphabetically in your bibliography.
1'Episode 1', Gavin and Stacey [on DVD], dir. by Christine Gernon (Entertain Video Ltd, 2008).
15'Episode 1'.
'Episode 1', Gavin and Stacey [on DVD], dir. by Christine Gernon (Entertain Video Ltd, 2008)
To reference a television programme, you should include the following information:
If the progamme is on a streaming service, such as Amazon or Netflix, note this as the channel name.
2 Politics Wales, BBC One, 30 January 2022.
3 Locke & Key, Netflix, 7 February 2020.
16Politics Wales.
17Locke & Key.
Locke & Key, Netflix, 7 February 2020
Politics Wales, BBC One, 30 January 2022
To reference an episode of a television series, include the following information:
If the progamme is on Amazon or Netflix, note this as the channel name.
1'Desert Worlds', The Green Planet, BBC One, 30 January 2022.
15'Desert Worlds'.
'Desert Worlds', The Green Planet, BBC One, 30 January 2022
To reference television programme viewed online, include the following information:
You can reference items you have viewed using Box of Broadcasts in the same way.
When quoting from or referring to specific passages from a TV episode, you may wish to give a timestamp in your footnote and indeed within your in-text references. Timestamps are given in a mm:ss format. Only include hours in the timestamp if the episode is longer than an hour. It is enough to give the timestamp for the beginning of the quote or scene you are describing.
1 'Brands', Do Black Lives Still Matter?, BBC Three, 31 May 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09hy33j/do-black-lives-still-matter-series-1-1-brands> [accessed 3 February 2022].
Timestamp in footnote citation:
2 'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016
15 'Brands'.
(15:20)
'Brands', Do Black Lives Still Matter?, BBC Three, 31 May 2021 <https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/p09hy33j/do-black-lives-still-matter-series-1-1-brands> [accessed 3 February 2022]
'Patisserie Week', The Great British Bake Off, BBC One, 19 October 2016 <https://learningonscreen.ac.uk/ondemand/index.php/prog/0DAAAF29> [accessed 19 October 2016]
To reference television programme viewed on DVD, include the following information:
Use the episode title to add the television programme alphabetically in your bibliography.
1'Episode 1', Gavin and Stacey [on DVD], dir. by Christine Gernon (Entertain Video Ltd, 2008).
15'Episode 1'.
'Episode 1', Gavin and Stacey [on DVD], dir. by Christine Gernon (Entertain Video Ltd, 2008)
See Image/Table
]]>For a masters or doctoral thesis you will need to include the level (e.g. masters or doctorate) of the thesis and the institution at which it was presented:
1 Peter James Boyce, 'GammaFinder: A Java Application to Find Galaxies in Astronomical Spectral Line Datacubes' (unpublished master's thesis, Cardiff University, 2003), p. 22.
2 Andrew Makechnie, 'Beyond Barriers: A Critical Realist Perspective on Disability and the Meaning of the Dwelling' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Cardiff University, 2007), p. 58.
15 Boyce, pp. 11-13.
16 Makechnie, p. 158.
Boyce, Peter James, 'GammaFinder: A Java Application to Find Galaxies in Astronomical Spectral Line Datacubes' (unpublished master's thesis, Cardiff University, 2003)
Makechnie, Andrew, 'Beyond Barriers: A Critical Realist Perspective on Disability and the Meaning of the Dwelling' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Cardiff University, 2007)
For a masters or doctoral thesis found online, you should add the doi. If there is no doi, use the < URL > and [date accessed]. If you found it in an online database such as Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global, also include the name of the database:
1 Natalie Mertes, 'Teachers' conceptions of student information literacy learning and teachers' practices of information literacy teaching and collaboration with the school library' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Humboldt Univeritaet zu Berlin, 2014), Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global <https://search.proquest.com> [accessed 2 February 2022] (p. 22).
2 Lucy Whitehead, 'The Lives of Charles Dickens: A Metabiography 1870-present' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Cardiff University, 2020) <https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/140616/> [accessed 2 February 2022] (pp. 17-23).
3 Layal Shureih, 'The Driving Factors of Canada's Foreign Policy and History Concerning Israel and Palestine' (unpublished master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2025), Open Access Theses and Dissertations doi:https://doi.org/10.20381/ruor-31020
15 Mertes, p. 151.
16 Whitehead, p. 202.
17 Shureih, p. 54.
Mertes, Natalie, 'Teachers' conceptions of student information literacy learning and teachers' practices of information literacy teaching and collaboration with the school library' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Humboldt Univeritaet zu Berlin, 2014), Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global <https://search.proquest.com> [accessed 2 February 2022]
Shureih, Layal, 'The Driving Factors of Canada's Foreign Policy and History Concerning Israel and Palestine' (unpublished master's thesis, University of Ottawa, 2025), Open Access Theses and Dissertations doi:https://doi.org/10.20381/ruor-31020
Whitehead, Lucy 'The Lives of Charles Dickens: A Metabiography 1870-present' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Cardiff University, 2020) <https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/140616/> [accessed 2 February 2022]
For posts on Twitter aim to include the following:
This can be incopororated within the body of your work, or as a footnote. Try to locate the original Tweet rather than use a Retweet.
2 Cardiff University Libary, 'Staff overhearing students attempt to reach a book from a high self, then...excitedly - "look, you can use this little dalek"' (tweet) (@cardiffUniLib, 25 January 2022).
Libraries use social media to both communicate important information and connect with their membership as demonstrated by this Tweet from Cardiff University Library: 'Staff overhearing students attempt to reach a book from a high self, then...excitedly - "look, you can use this little dalek"' (@cardiffUniLib, 25 January 2022).
Cardiff University Libary, 'Staff overhearing students attempt to reach a book from a high self, then...excitedly - "look, you can use this little dalek"' (tweet) (@cardiffUniLib, 25 January 2022)
For a web page, you should include the following:
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation hosting the web page instead.
The publisher and place of publication can be thought of as the name and location of the organisation responsible for hosting the site.
As well as the complete URL to the page, always give the date at which you accessed it. Web sites appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate on the date given.
2 Drinking Water Inspectorate, Drinking Water Quality in Wales: A Triennial Report 2017-2019 (2021) <https://cdn.dwi.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22163642/Drinking-water-quality-in-Wales-2017-to-2019-accessible.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022] (p. 5).
3 Kerry Moore, John Jewell and Stephen Cushion, Media Representations of Black Young Men and Boys: Report of the REACH Media Monitoring Project (Crown, 2011) <https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/2113275.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022] (pp. 1-3).
5 Drinking Water Inspectorate, p. 11.
6 Moore, Jewell and Cushion, p. 17.
Drinking Water Inspectorate, Drinking Water Quality in Wales: A Triennial Report 2017-2019 (2021) <https://cdn.dwi.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22163642/Drinking-water-quality-in-Wales-2017-to-2019-accessible.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022]
Moore, Kerry, John Jewell and Stephen Cushion, Media Representations of Black Young Men and Boys: Report of the REACH Media Monitoring Project (Crown, 2011) <https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/2113275.pdf> [accessed 2 February 2022]
For a video found on YouTube or another video streaming service, you should include the following:
2 Cardiff University Library Service, Why You Should Avoid Plagiarism, online video recording, YouTube, 8 July 2021,<https://xerte.cardiff.ac.uk/play_4216> [accessed 3 February 2022].
5 Cardiff University Library Service.
Cardiff University Library Service, Why You Should Avoid Plagiarism, online video recording, YouTube, 8 July 2021,<https://xerte.cardiff.ac.uk/play_4216> [accessed 3 February 2022]
Reference a Bill which originated in the House of Commons by including the following information in this order:
Name of Bill | HC bill (parliamentary session) [running number]
Here is an example:
14 Identity Cards HC Bill (2005-06) [49].
Reference a Bill which originated in the House of Lords by including the following information in this order:
Name of Bill | HL Bill (parliamentary session) running number.
Here is an example:
8 Academies HL Bill (2010-11) 1.
To refer to a particular element of a Bill, 'Clause' and 'clauses' may be abbreviated to 'cl' and 'cls' in the text and should then also be abbreviated in the footnotes.
Here is an example:
8 Academies HL Bill (2010-11) 1, cl 8(2).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Bill in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference Bills before the National Assembly for Wales by including the following information in this order:
Name of Bill [the printing/stage] (year).
Here are some examples:
14 Housing (Wales) Bill [as introduced] (2013).
15 Planning (Wales) Bill [as amended at stage 3] (2015).
14 Bil Tai (Cymru) [fel y’i cyflwynwyd] (2013).
15 Bil Cynllunio (Cymru) [fel y’i diwygiwyd ar ôl cyfnod 3] (2015).
To refer to a particular element of a Bill, 'Clause' and 'clauses' may be abbreviated to 'cl' and 'cls' in the text and should then also be abbreviated in the footnotes.
Here is an example:
8 Housing (Wales) Bill [as introduced] (2013) cl 10(2).
8 Bil Tai (Cymru) [fel y’i cyflwynwyd] (2013) ad 10(2).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Bill in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference Bills before the Scottish Parliament by incuding the following information in this order:
Scottish Parliament 'SP' Bill number | Name of Bill [the printing/stage] Session (year).
Here are some examples:
6 SP Bill 4 Abolition of Fuedal Tenure etc (Scotland) Bill [as introduced] Session 1 (1999).
7 SP Bill 4A Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc (Scotland) Bill [as amended at stage 2] session 1 (2000).
To refer to a particular element of a Bill, 'Clause' and 'clauses' may be abbreviated to 'cl' and 'cls' in the text and should then also be abbreviated in the footnotes.
Here is an example:
8 SP Bill 4 Abolition of Fuedal Tenure etc (Scotland) Bill [as introduced] Session 1 (1999) cl 2(1).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Bill in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Since 1989 EU Cases European Court of Justice (ECJ) cases have been given a prefix of C- and General Court (GC) judgments have been given a prefix of T- (The General Court was called the Court of First Instance (CFI) until 2009).
Reference a European Court of Justice and General Court judgments by including the following information in this order:
Where possible refer to the official series of EU law reports the European Court Reports (ECR). If an ECR report is not available cite the Common Market Law Reports (CMLR) or the Law Reports, WLR or the All ER. When pinpointing, use ‘para’ or ‘paras’ after a coma.
Here are some examples:
6 Case T-344/99 Arne Mathisen AS v Council [2002] ECR II-2905.
7 Case C-176/03 Commission v Council [2005] ECR I-7879, paras 47-48.
8 Joined Cases C-430 and 431/93 Jereon van Schijndel v Stichting Pensioenfonds voor Fysiotherapeuten [1995] ECR I-4705.
9 Case 151/73 Ireland v Council [1974] 1 CMLR 429.
The European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) was established in 2010. When citing cases from the Court of Justice of the European Union the inclusion of the ECLI using OSCOLA is not obligatory. If used the ECLI should be added after the case name and before the report citation.
Here is an example:
10 Case C-176/03 Commission v Council EU:C:2005:542, [2005] ECR I-7879.
Further information on referencing EU judgments, including referencing unreported judgments, can be found on pages 30-31 of the OSCOLA Guide.
Reference an opinion of the Advocate General by including the following information in this order:
court prefix | case number | case name | report citation, Opinion of AG | name of Advocate General.
Here is an example:
2 Case C-411/05 Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA [2007] ECR I-8531, Opinion of AG Mazák, paras 79-100.
Here is an example:
21 Alcatel/Telettra (Case IV/M.042) Commission Decision 91/251/EEC [1991] OJ L122/48.
22 Georg Verkehsorgani v Ferrovie dello Stato (Case COMP/37.685) Commission Decision 2004/33/EC [2004] OJ L11/17.
Reference a judgment of the European Court of Human Rights by providing the name of the case in italics, followed by the report citation. Where possible, refer to the official reports, the Reports of Judgments and Decisions (ECHR) or the European Human Rights Reports (EHRR). Prior to 1996 the Reports of Judgments and Decisions (ECHR) were known as Series A and numbered consecutively.
Here are some examples:
3 Osman v UK ECHR 1998-VIII 3124.
4 Omojudi v UK (2010) 51 EHRR 10.
5 Johnston v Ireland (1986) Series A no 122.
For an unreported judgment provide the name of the case in italics followed by the application number and then the court and the date of the judgement in brackets.
Here is an example:
From 1 January 2015 onwards, the numbering of EU legislation has changed. For Regulations, Directives and Decisions made after 1 January 2015 reference by including the following information in this order:
Legislation Type (Domain/Body) year/number | title [year] OJ Lissue/first page.
Here are some examples:
16 Council Regulation (EU) 2015/159 of 27 January 2015 amending Regulation (EC) No 2532/98 concerning the powers of the European Central Bank to impose sanctions [2015] OJ L27/1.
17 Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/236 of 12 February 2015 amending Decision 2010/413/CFSP concerning restrictive measures against Iran [2015] OJ L39/18.
Reference by including the following information in this order:
Legislation Type | number | title [year] OJ Lissue/first page.
Here are some examples:
8 Council Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society [2001] OJ L167/10.
9 Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (EC Merger Regulation) [2004] OJ L24/1.
Name of Treaty/protocol including amendments if necessary [year of publication] Official Journal series | Official Journal series issue/first page.
Here are some examples:
31 Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community [2007] OJ C306/01.
32 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2008] OJ C115/13.
33 Protocol to the Agreement on the Memeber States that do not fully apply the Shengen acquis - Joint Delarations [2007] OJ L29/35.
References from the WTO Online Database should include WTO, Decision Title (decision Date) WTO catalogue number and paragraph pinpoint(s). Include the WTO Online Database website in the first relevant footnote.
Here is an example for a first and subsequent footnote:
2 WTO, India: Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector – Report of the Appellate Body (19 March 2002) WT/DS146/AB/R and WT/DS175/AB/R [10]–[25] <http://docsonline.wto.org> accessed 22 June 2010.
7 WTO, India: Measures Affecting the Automotive Sector – Report of the Appellate Body (19 March 2002) WT/DS146/AB/R and WT/DS175/AB/R [10]–[25].
The Dispute Settlement Reports (DSR) are cited in the same manner as law reports. References should include the Decision Name (decision number) [Year] volume number DSR first page, pinpoint page number.
Here is an example:
4 United States – Anti-Dumping Duty on Dynamic Random Access Memory Semiconductors (DRAMS) of One Megabit or Above from Korea (WT/DS99) [1999] 2 DSR 519, 521.
References from the BISD should include the Decision Title, (Year) GATT BISD supplement number/first page number, pinpoint page number
Here is an example:
9 Swedish Anti-Dumping Duties (1955) GATT BISD 3S/81, 82.
When published in a printed format, the case materials from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are issued as separate documents, then reissued in two report series:
Contentious cases and advisory opinions are also available from the ICJ website.
Cite a report series if available, if a report series is not available, cite the ICJ website:
Case Name (Stage of Proceedings) [Year] ICJ Rep | page number.
Case Name (Stage of Proceedings) Year <URL> accessed Date [paragraph number pinpoint].
Case Name ICJ Pleadings volume number.
Cite case names as they appear in the series report – the word ‘case’ does not appear in the title of all the case reports.
Here are some examples:
2 Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Case (El Salvador/Honduras, Nicaragua intervening) (Application for Intervention) [1990] ICJ Rep 92.
3 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall (Advisory Opinion) 2004 <www.icj-org/icjwww/idcoket.imwp/imwpframe.htm> accessed 21 July 2005 [139]-[142].
5 Aerial Incident of July 27 1955 Case (Israel v Bulgaria) ICJ Pleadings 530.
The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) (1922-45) preceded the ICJ. Their decisions and opinions were published in the official reports of the court – they are available on the ICJ website.
Here is an example:
8 Case Name (Stage of Proceedings) PCIJ Rep Series letter and number.
9 Case Concerning the Factory at Chorzów (Germany v Poland) (Merits) PCIJ Rep Series A No 17.
More information about citing International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of International Justice publications is available in the document OSCOLA 2006: Citing International Law Section from the University of Oxford.
]]>Here are some examples:
Judges forenames are not used unless there are two judges with the same surname, then the forename and surname of the junior judge of the two is given.
]]>Reference a judgment with a neutral citation by including the following information in this order:
Neutral citation and law report abbreviations must not include any full stops. Here is an example:
Reference a judgment without a neutral citation by including the following information in this order:
Law report abbreviations must not include any full stops. Here is an example:
Here is the commonly recognised order of authority, with the most authoritative law report series at the top of the list:
All journal and newspaper reports are summaries, so should only be cited if the decision is not available in a law report series.
]]>Where two or more reports using different names are cited, the report or reports using the alternative name of the case should be introduced by the phrase ‘sub nom’ in roman (an abbreviation of sub nomine, meaning ‘under the name’).
22 Gibbons v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] QB 507, sub nom AB v South West Water Services Ltd [1993] 2 WLR 507 (CA).
Where a case appears under a different name at different stages in its history (that difference in the name being more than a mere reversal of the names of the parties), and both stages are being cited, the name of the case at the second stage cited should be introduced by ‘sub nom’.
The subsequent history of a case may be indicated after the primary citation by abbreviating ‘affirmed’ to ‘affd’ and ‘reversed’ to ‘revd’. These abbreviations refer to the decision in the primary citation.
23 R v Monopolies and Mergers Commission, ex p South Yorkshire Transport Ltd [1992] 1 WLR 291 (CA), affd sub nom South Yorkshire Transport Ltd v Monopolies and Mergers Commission [1993] 1 WLR 23 (HL).
Cite the source that you have not personally read. Then in brackets put ‘as cited in’ followed by the reference for the secondary source that you have read, including the page number.
For example:
4 WL Clay, The Prison Chaplain: A Memoir of the Reverend John Clay (London 1861) 554 (as cited in M Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal Culture, Law and Policy in England 1830–1914 (CUP 1990) 79).
The related bibliography reference will be for that source which you personally read. For example:
M Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal Culture, Law and Policy in England 1830–1914 (CUP 1990)
Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out 'the' at the beginning of the name of the Act:
Here is an example:
To refer to a particular element of the Statute use s or ss (section or sections), Pt (Part) or Sch and para (Schedule and paragraph within a schedule).
For example, paragraph (B) of subsection (1) of the section 15 of the Human Rights Act 1998 would be referenced as follows:
8 Human Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b).
Further information on the relevant abbreviations to use to cite parts of statutes can be found in section 2.4.2 'Parts of statutes' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statute in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out 'the' at the beginning of the name of the Act:
Name of Act | year ('Act of the National Assembly for Wales' number preceded by 'anaw', or 'dccc' if writing in Welsh).
Here is an example:
5 Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013 (anaw 5).
5 Deddf Trawsblannu Dynol (Cymru) 2013 (dccc 5).
To refer to a particular element of the Statute use s or ss (section or sections), Pt (Part) or Sch and para (Schedule and paragraph within a schedule).
Here are some examples:
4 Human Transplantation (Wales) Act 2013 (anaw 5) s 4.
5 Deddf Trawsblannu Dynol (Cymru) 2013 (dccc 5) ad 5.
Further information on the relevant abbreviations to use to cite parts of statutes can be found in section 2.4.2 'Parts of statutes' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statute in the text, a footnote is not required.
Measures of the National Assembly for Wales, the primary legislation made by the Assembly between 2006-2011 are referenced by including the following information in this order:
Here is an example:
3 Red Meat Industry (Wales) Measure 2010 (nawn 3).
2 Mesur Diwydiant Cig Coch (Cymru) 2010 (mccc 3).
Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out 'the' at the beginning of the name of the Act:
Here is an example:
To refer to a particular element of the Statute use s or ss (section or sections), Pt (Part) or Sch and para (Schedule and paragraph within a schedule).
Here is an example:
8 Crofting Reform etc Act 2007 (asp 7) s 10.
Further information on the relevant abbreviations to use to cite parts of statutes can be found in section 2.4.2 'Parts of statutes' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statute in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly, established in 1998, are referenced by including the following information in this order, leaving out 'the' at the beginning of the name of the Act:
Name of Act (Northern Ireland) | year.
Here is an example:
Acts of the former Parliament of Northern Ireland (1921-1972), are referenced by including the following information in this order, leaving out 'the' at the beginning of the name of the Act:
Name of Act (NI) | year.
Here is an example:
To refer to a particular element of the Statute use s or ss (section or sections), Pt (Part) or Sch and para (Schedule and paragraph within a schedule).
Here is an example:
8 Employment Act (Northen Ireland) 2010, s 6.
Further information on the relevant abbreviations to use to cite parts of statutes can be found in section 2.4.2 'Parts of statutes' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn).
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statute in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out the 'the' at the beginning of the title:
Name of Statutory Instrument | year, SI serial number.
Here is an example:
7 Deregulation (Greyhound Racing) Order 1995, SI 1995/3231.
To refer to a particular element of a Statutory Instrument, use art or arts (for example within an Order), reg or regs (within Regulations) or r or rr within Rules.
Here is an example:
8 Deregulation (Greyhound Racing) Order 1995, SI 1995/3231 art 3.
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statutory Instrument in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out the 'the' at the beginning of the title:
Name of Statutory Instrument | year, SI serial number (Welsh SI number - prefixed by W or Cy if writing in Welsh).
Here are some examples:
10 Tuberculosis (Wales) Order 2011, SI 2011/692 (W 104).
10 Gorchymyn Tubercwlosis (Cymru) 2011, SI 2011/692 (Cy 104).
To refer to a particular element of a Statutory Instrument, use art or arts (for example within an Order), reg or regs (within Regulations) or r or rr within Rules.
Here are some examples:
10 Tuberculosis (Wales) Order 2011, SI 2011/692 (W 104) art 9.
10 Gorchymyn Tubercwlosis (Cymru) 2011, SI 2011/692 (Cy 104) erth 9.
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statutory Instrument in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference by including the following information in this order, leaving out the 'the' at the beginning of the title:
Name of Statutory Instrument | year, SSI serial number.
Here is an example:
8 Food Additives (Scotland) Regulations 2009, SSI 2009/436.
To refer to a particular element of a Statutory Instrument, use art or arts (for example within an Order), reg or regs (within Regulations) or r or rr within Rules.
Here is an example:
8 Food Additives (Scotland) Regulations 2009, SSI 2009/436 reg 4.
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statutory Instrument in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Reference Northern Ireland Statutory Rules, the equivalent of Statutory Instruments, by including the following information in this order, leaving out the 'the' at the beginning of the title::
Name of Statutory Rule | year, SR serial number.
Here is an example:
4 The Flavourings in Food Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010, SR 2010/414.
To refer to a particular element of a Statutory Rule, use art or arts (for example within an Order), reg or regs (within Regulations) or r or rr within Rules.
Here is an example:
8 The Flavourings in Food Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010, SR 2010/414 r 4.
If all the required information to create a footnote is included when referring to a Statutory Instrument in the text, a footnote is not required.
]]>Author, 'Entry Title' (Blog Name, publication date) <URL> accessed date.
Here is an example:
7 R Moorhead, 'Solicitors First' (Lawyer Watch, 25 March 2011) <http://lawyerwatch.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/solicitors-first/> accessed 13 April 2011.
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation responsible for the blog instead.
If no person or organisation can be identified as being responsible for the blog, begin your footnote with the title of the blog.
As well as the complete URL to the blog, always give the date at which you accessed it. Blogs and blog posts can appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given.
]]>Author, Title (edition, Publisher | year) page number.
Author, Title (edition, Ebook edition, Publisher | year) page number.
If an ebook has the same pagination as the printed book, reference the ebook as if it was the printed book. If you can locate a printed copy of the book use that in preference.
Here is an example:
4 D Miers, Regulating Commercial Gambling: Past Present and Future (OUP 2004).
If there are three or less authors insert an 'and' before the last author's name.
Here is an example:
5 N Lowe and G Douglas, Bromley's Family Law (10th edn, OUP 2007) 47.
Where there are more than three authors, note the first author followed by 'and others'.
Here is an example:
6 S Gardiner and others, Sports Law (3rd edn, Cavendish, 2006).
If an ebook has no page numbers, provide a chapter or section name/number and subsection or paragraph number if provided to indicate where the information can be found.
Here is an example:
7 William J Williams, Williams on Wills (9th edn, Lexis Library edn, Lexis Nexis 2007) vol 1, part F, para 23.1.
All the information you need to reference a book is usually on the title page. This is one of the first pages of the book and has the copyright information on the back.
Use commas only to prevent words running together, for example between multiple authors or between edition and publisher.
The edition only needs to be included where the book is in its second edition or beyond.
]]>Here is an example:
Here is an example:
If there are either two or three editors insert 'and' before the last editor's name followed by (eds). If there are four or more editors reference the first editor followed by 'and others (eds)'.
You do not need to give the page numbers of the chapter. You only need to note the page number(s) if you are referencing information from a specific page or pages.
]]>Be careful to note the abbreviation for a Command Paper as shown on its title page as there have been six series of Command Papers since 1833. Each series has its own unique abbreviation. These include Cm, Cmnd and Cmd.
Here is an example:
To reference information from both unpublished and published conference papers include the following in a footnote:
If the conference paper has been published online include the URL and date of access.
Here are some examples:
8 Ben McFarlane and Donal Nolan, 'Remedying Reliance: The Future Development of Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel in English Law' (Obligations III conference, Brisbane, July 2006).
8 Ben McFarlane and Donal Nolan, 'Remedying Reliance: The Future Development of Promissory and Proprietary Estoppel in English Law' (Obligations III conference, Brisbane, July 2006) <www.obligationsconference.com> accessed 22 October 2007.
6 'no-fault compensation', Oxford Dictionary of Law (7th edn, OUP 2013).
9 'philosophy, n' (OED Online, OUP June 2013) <www.oed.com/view/Entry/142505> accessed 21 August 2013.
OSCOLA does not provide a precise template to cite dictionaries. You can follow the advice for encyclopaedias in section 3.2.6 in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn) and in the dictionaries themselves.
Additional advice on citing dictionaries is available from the FAQs page on the University of Oxford’s OSCOLA website.
]]>Reference letters and emails by the type of communication, along with the author, recipient and date.
Here are some examples:
3 Letter from Gordon Brown to Lady Ashton (20 November 2009).
5 Email from Amazon.co.uk to author (16 December 2008).
Reference informal conversations by starting the citation with 'Conversation between' along with the participants and date.
Here is an example:
8 Conversation between author and Joe Bloggs (27 April 2011).
To reference information from a encyclopaedia include the following in a footnote:
Entry Author, 'Entry Title', Encyclopaedia Title (edition, year) page number.
Entry Author, 'Entry Title', Encyclopaedia Title (edition, year) <URL> accessed date.
When referencing from an encyclopaedia's supplement, add these details to the end of the footnote.
Here are some examples:
2 CJ Friedrich, 'Constitutions and Constitutionalism', International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences III (1968) 319.
3 Halsbury's Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53.
4 Halsbury's Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53 (Noter Up issue 454 April 2011).
5 Leslie Green, 'Legal Positivism', The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall edn, 2009) <http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/legal-positivism> accessed 20 November 2009.
To reference information from a looseleaf encyclopaedia include the following in a footnote:
Title, volume number, paragraph number (release number and/or date of issue).
Here are some examples:
4 Sweet & Maxwell's Encyclopedia of Employment Law, vol 1, para 6J-601 (R 70 April 2009).
7 Cross on Local Government Law, para 8-106 (R 30 July 2008).
9 Parker's Law and Conduct of Elections, vol 1, para 9-24 (issue 29).
For looseleaf encyclopaedias, include authors' names where they have become part of the title.
Within a looseleaf encyclopaedia you will find the release number and/or date of issue at the foot of each page.
]]>When quoting or discussing content generated by an AI service such as Microsoft Copilot, you must cite and reference this in your work. You should also acknowledge when you have used responses to prompts you have entered into a Generative AI tool such as Copilot to write/produce parts of your assignment on your behalf.
If you are going to use Gen AI services such as Microsoft Copilot in your assessed work, please first check with your School what type of use is permitted. Also bear in mind that you should:
Check with your School to find out how you should discuss or quote prompts and responses in your work. It may be appropriate, in your submitted text, to note the prompts you used to generate relevant learning material in your text.
In an essay on the benefits of AI in education, for example, you might write:
Microsoft Copilot1 was asked the following question: ‘what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?’ The response from Copilot included the suggestion that it can assist students by providing quick access to information on their topic and suggesting sources. However, when this initial question was refined to ‘how effective is Copilot at providing references to academic sources?’, the response suggested that any sources provided by the service should be verified independently by the user2
The above example refers to a response from Copilot and makes use of the material by paraphrasing it. If you are copying directly from a response, you should indicate this is a direct quotation in accordance with the guidance for quotations.
For the purposes of submitting work for anonymous marking, students may replace their name with their student number.
For longer prompts/conversations, you could also include a transcript or screenshot in an appendix.
Please also refer to the OSCOLA Bibliography Information.
When you reference, include the name of the generative AI authoring tool e.g. Microsoft Copilot, Type of communication and person involved or student number, (Day month Year).
3 OpenAI ChatGPT. ChatGPT response to Joanne Smith, (23 March 2023).
4 Microsoft Copilot. Copilot response to C123456, (10 September 2025).
For example, if you are incorporating an AI generated image found on a web site, you should reference it as per the advice found in the web page example. If quoting or paraphrasing text generated by others which has been reported in a book or journal article, follow the advice for those sources.
In all cases, ensure you make it clear that you are quoting or discussing AI rather than human generated content.
When referencing include Author, ‘Web Page Title generated by AI’ (Website, publication date)
3 C E, Griffith, ‘A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E’. (PC Mag.com, 2022) <https://uk.pcmag.com/graphic-design/143293/which-ai-creates-the-best-and-most-terrifying-art> accessed 12 April 2023.
Author, Title (any additional information, year) page number.
Author, Title (any additional information, year) <URL> accessed date.
If no individual author is identified, reference the government department claiming responsibility for the publication.
Here are some examples:
7 Department for Transport, Unlocking the UK’s High Tech Economy: Consultation on the Safe Use of Drones in the UK (2016) 39.
8 Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Banning UK Sales of Ivory: Summary of Responses and Government Response (2018) <www.gov.uk/government/consultations/banning-uk-sales-of-ivory> accessed 12 May 2018.
Note whether House of Commons (HC) or House of Lords (HL) Hansard, followed by 'Deb' for a debate, then the date, volume and column number.
Each printed page consists of two columns. Place a 'W' after the column number in HC debates or 'WA' before the column number in HL debates to indicate a Written Answer. The W suffix has only been added to the column number for written answers since 2000.
If you are using Hansard online reference it in the same way that you would the printed version.
Here is an example:
3 HC Deb 3 February 1977, vol 389, cols 973-76.
Reference reports of parliamentary Select Committees by the committee name, the report name in italics and then in brackets HC or HL, the years of the parliamentary session and the serial number of the report which you will find on the bottom of its title page.
If pinpointing paragraphs use 'para' or 'paras' before the numbers.
Here is an example:
6 Defence Select Committee, Iraq: An Initial Assessment of Post-conflict Operations (HC 2004-05, 65-I) paras 85-91.
Author, Title (any additional information, publication date).
Author, Title (any additional information, publication date) <URL> accessed date.
Here are some examples:
5 Andrew Haylen and Louise Butcher, Civilian Drones (Briefing Paper Number CBP 7734, House of Commons Library, 31 August 2017).
7 Nathan Lechler, Fake News (Lords In Focus LIF-2017/0040, House of Lords Library, 25 April 2017) <http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/LIF-2017-0040> accessed 22 March 2018.
If the publication is available in paper format, reference it as a printed publication.
If no individual author is identified, reference the library claiming responsibility for the publication.
]]>Author, 'Article Title' (year) volume number | Abbreviated Yearbook Title | first page of article, page number.
Author, 'Article Title' (year) volume number | Abbreviated Yearbook Title | first page of article, page number <URL> accessed date.
Here are some examples:
4 LC Green, ‘Canada’s Role in the Development of the Law of Armed Conflict’ (1980) XVIII Canadian Ybk Intl L 91, 97.
5 CE Foster, ‘Burden of Proof in International Courts and Tribunals’ (2010) 29 Aust. YBIL 27, 34 <http://heinonline.org> accessed 15 October 2011.
If the yearbook article is available in both electronic and printed formats, reference it as you would a printed yearbook article.
If the yearbook uses roman numerals for volume numbers, use roman numerals in your footnote.
Purely electronic publications may not have page numbers or may use a system of numbered paragraphs. Follow whatever style they use. To note a paragraph number, put the number in square brackets.
]]>Here are some examples:
5 Interview with Irene Kull, Assistant Dean, Faculty of Law, Tartu University (Tartu, Estonia, 4 August 2003).
7 Timothy Endicott and John Gardner, Interview with Tony Honoré, Emeritus Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Oxford (Oxford, 17 July 2007).
To reference information from a journal article include the following in a footnote:
Author, 'Article Title' [(year)] volume number (issue number) Abbreviated Journal Title | first page of article, page number.
Author, 'Article Title' [(year)] volume number (issue number) Abbreviated Journal Title | page number <URL> accessed date.
Only include the issue number if every issue of the journal starts at page 1. If this is the case, write the issue number in brackets next to the volume number e.g. 23(2).
Here are some examples:
6 J Young, 'The Constitutional Limits of Judicial Activism: Judicial Conduct of International Relations and Child Abduction' (2003) 66 MLR 823, 827.
7 G Greenleaf, 'The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information' (2010) 1(1) EJLT 5 <www.law.duke.edu/journals/dltr/articles/2004dltr0009.html> accessed 6 May 2011.
No punctuation is needed within the journal title abbreviation.
Give the publication date in square brackets if the date is needed to identify the correct volume, for example [1995] PL 599. Usually you will use round brackets, as most journals number their volumes consecutively.
Electronic only journals may not have page numbers or may use a system of numbered paragraphs. Follow whatever style they use. To note a paragraph number, put the number in square brackets.
]]>Here is an example:
Here are some examples:
7 Cross on Local Government Law, para 8-106 (R 30 July 2008).
9 Parker's Law and Conduct of Elections, vol 1, para 9-24 (issue 29).
Author, 'Title' Newspaper (city of publication, publication date) page number.
Author, 'Title' Newspaper (city of publication, publication date) page number if available <URL> accessed date.
Here are some examples:
7 F Gibb, 'Prison is not the Right Place for Minor Criminals' The Times (London, 11 May 2006) 7.
9 Editorial, 'The Data Protection Bill is an Unjust Assault on Press Freedom' The Independent (London, 8 May 2018) <www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/data-protection-bill-press-freedom-law-mps-a8341601.html> accessed 10 May 2018.
If you source a newspaper online which is also available in print, reference the print version.
If the author is not named, insert two joined em dashes (--) instead.
Where the reference is to an editorial, the author is cited as 'Editorial'.
Add the country of publication after the city, if it is not obvious.
]]>Author, Title (any additional information, publication date).
Author, Title (any additional information, publication date) <URL> accessed date.
Here are some examples:
2 Sarah Bunn and Alex Hall, Electronic Cigarettes (POSTnote Number 533, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 9 August 2016).
3 Leila Jameel and Sarah Bunn, Body-Worn Video in UK Policing (POSTbrief Number 14, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 24 September 2015) <http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/POST-PB-0014> accessed 7 March 2016.
If the publication is available in paper format, reference it as a printed publication.
If no individual author is identified, cite the Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology.
]]>If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation responsible for the source instead.
If no person or organisation can be identified as being responsible for the source, begin your footnote with the title of the source.
Here are some examples:
6 Dr Douglas Guilfoyle, ‘The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Origins and Importance’ (14 August 2013) <www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SOqz1Yu8tY> accessed 15 April 2014.
8 British Medical Journal podcast, 'Insanity in the Dock' (20 July 2012) <www.bmj.com/podcast/2012/07/20/insanity-dock> accessed 15 April 2014.
If referring to comments by someone in particular, add that information as you would a pinpoint, before the URL. Include the person's position if relevant. Here is an example:
8 British Medical Journal podcast, 'Insanity in the Dock' (20 July 2012) comments by Matthew Thompson, Centre for Evidence Based Medicine in Oxford <www.bmj.com/podcast/2012/07/20/insanity-dock> accessed 15 April 2014.
Another alternative, particularly if a podcast is quite long, would be to provide the minutes and seconds of the excerpt:
8 British Medical Journal podcast, 'Insanity in the Dock' (20 July 2012) 10:30-11:15 <www.bmj.com/podcast/2012/07/20/insanity-dock> accessed 15 April 2014.
OSCOLA does not provide a precise template to cite podcasts, YouTube and similar sources. You can follow the advice in section 3.4.1, 'General principles' for 'Other secondary sources' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn) if it is helpful.
Additional advice on citing podcasts, YouTube and similar sources is available from the FAQs page on the University of Oxford’s OSCOLA website.
]]>Here is an example:
Reference the source that you have not personally read. Then in brackets put ‘as cited in’ followed by the reference for the secondary source that you have read, including the page number.
Here is an example:
4 WL Clay, The Prison Chaplain: A Memoir of the Reverend John Clay (London 1861) 554 (as cited in M Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal Culture, Law and Policy in England 1830–1914 (CUP 1990) 79).
The related bibliography reference will be for the source which you personally read. For example:
M Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal Culture, Law and Policy in England 1830–1914 (CUP 1990)
5 Stavros Dimas, EU Environment Commissioner, 'Improving Environmental Quality through Carbon Trading' (Speech at the Carbon Expo Conference, Köln, 2 May 2007)
7 Lord Bingham, 'Keynote Address' (Liberty conference, London, 6 June 2009)
OSCOLA does not provide a precise template to reference speeches. You can follow the advice in section 3.4.1, 'General principles' for 'Other secondary sources' in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn) if it is helpful for referencing a speech. Include a URL and date of access as needed.
Additional advice on referencing speeches is available from the FAQs on the University of Oxford’s OSCOLA website.
]]>Here is an example:
Here is an example:
Author, Resolution number, (date) document reference number.
Author, ‘Title’ (date) document reference number.
After the first mention you can abbreviate the author’s full name, for example:
After the first mention you can abbreviate Resolution to Res.
There is no need to reference resolution titles unless it is particularly useful to do so.
Include the unique document reference numbers that identify both the body issuing the document and the nature of the document.
Documents of the Secretary-General are usually cited by reference to the UN body or organ to which the Secretary-General’s documents are addressed.
Here are some examples for a first and subsequent footnotes.
First footnote:
4 UN Security Council, Resolution 1373 (28 September 2001) UN Doc S/RES/1373.
6 UN Commission on Human Rights, ‘Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention’ (21 January 1992) UN Doc E/CN.4/1992/20.
8 UN General Assembly, ‘Report of the Secretary-General 65/190’ (2001) UN Doc A/56/190.
Subsequent footnote:
11 UNSC, Res 1373 (28 September 2001) UN Doc S/RES/1373.
13 UNCHR, ‘Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention’ (21 January 1992) UN Doc E/CN.4/1992/20.
15 UNGA, ‘Report of the Secretary-General 65/190’ (2001) UN Doc A/56/190.
More information about referencing United Nations documents is available in the document OSCOLA 2006: Citing International Law Section from the University of Oxford.
]]>Here is an example:
If an individual author cannot be identified, use the name of the organisation responsible for the web page instead.
If no person or organisation can be identified as being responsible for the web page, begin your reference with the title of the web page.
Include 'http://' only if the URL does not begin with 'www'.
As well as the complete URL to the page, always give the date at which you accessed it. Web pages can appear and disappear so often that it is vital to indicate that the information was accurate at the date given.
]]>| Full text | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Criminal | Crim |
| European | Eur |
| International | Intl |
| Journal | J |
| Law | L |
| Quarterly | Q |
| Report(s) | Rep |
| Review | Rev |
| University | U |
| Yearbook | Ybk |
Here are some examples:
1 N Lacey, C Wells and O Quick, Reconstructing Criminal Law: Texts and Materials (LexisNexis UK, 2003).
3 S Gardiner and others, Sports Law (3rd edn, Cavendish, 2006).
For references in a bibliography if no author is identifiable, begin your reference with two em-dashes (--). Place these items at the start of the bibliography in alphabetical order of the first major word of the title.
]]>References are listed alphabetically in the bibliography.
References in a bibliography are similar in format (but not quite the same) to the citations you would use in footnotes:
Citation in a footnote:
14 MDA Freeman, Family Values and Family Justice (Ashgate 2010).
15 R Moorhead, 'An American Future? Contingency Fees, Claims Explosions and Evidence from Employment Tribunals' (2010) 73 MLR 752.
16 Re A (Children) (Adoption/Long Term Foster Care) [2015] EWCA Civ 1021, [2016] 1 FCR 286.
17 S Choudhry and J Herring, European Human Rights and Family Law (OUP 2010).
18 R v Taylor (Jack) [2016] UKSC 5, [2016] 1 WLR 500.
Reference in a bibliography:
A (Children) (Adoption/Long Term Foster Care), Re [2015] EWCA Civ 1021, [2016] 1 FCR 286
Choudhry S and Herring J, European Human Rights and Family Law (OUP 2010)
Freeman MDA, Family Values and Family Justice (Ashgate 2010)
Moorhead R, 'An American Future? Contingency Fees, Claims Explosions and Evidence from Employment Tribunals' (2010) 73 MLR 752
Taylor (Jack) [2016] UKSC 5, [2016] 1 WLR 500
If you are citing more than one item by the same author, list the items chronologically starting with the oldest. After the reference to the first item, you can replace the author's name with two em-dashes (--):
Here is an example:
Hart HLA, Law, Liberty and Morality (OUP 1963)
--Punishment and Responsibility (OUP 1968)
If you are citing an item or items by the same author and co-author(s), list the item(s) under the first author's name after their sole-authored items.
Here is an example:
Hart HLA, Law, Liberty and Morality (OUP 1963)
--Punishment and Responsibility (OUP 1968)
--and Honore AM, 'Causation in the Law' (1956) 72 LQR 58, 260, 398
--and Honore AM, Causation in the Law (2nd edn, OUP 1985)
If no author is identifiable, begin your reference with two em-dashes (--) and place these items at the start of the bibliography in alphabetical order of the first major word of the title.
]]>For example, R v G is reported as:
[2004] 1 AC 1034
[2003] 4 All ER 765
(2003) 167 JP 621
(2003) 100(43) LS Gaz 31
In the citation for the Law Society's Gazette, the issue number (43) is needed as the page numbering for each issue starts at 1.
]]>Citations of publications that are availiable only electronically should end with the URL in angled brackets < >, followed by the date of most recent access, expressed in the form 'accessed 1 January 2010'.
Here is an example:
2 Simon Myerson, 'Applying Yourself to Pupillage' (LawCareers.Net, 5 April 2011) <www.lawcareers.net/Information/Features/Detail.aspx?r=1355> accessed 12 April 2011.
Include 'http://' only if the URL does not begin with 'www'.
Any pinpoints follow the citation and come before the URL.
Be careful when citing URLs. Studies indicate that 'link rot' or 'reference rot' (which is when the URL still works but the content is gone) is a major problem. Try to include a URL that will help the reader find the resource or document again and where the web address is static (i.e. not the result of a search in a database). Avoid citing URLs that end in '.pdf'.
]]>For example if footnote 35 gave the full citation for James v Eastleigh BC, footnote 44 could refer to page 753 of the judgment as:
Seperate the citations with semi-colons, and do not precede the final citation with 'and'.
If one or more of the sources are more directly relevant than the others, cite these first, and then cite the less relevant ones in a new sentence, begining 'See also'.
If citing a mixture of primary and secondary sources, put the legislation first, then the cases and then the secondary sources.
Here are some examples:
6 FH Newark, 'The Boudaries of Nuisance' (1949) 65 LQR 480; Richard Kidner, 'Nuisance and Rights of Property' [1998] Conv 267; Paula Giliker. 'Whether the Tort of Nuisance? The Implications of Restrictions on the Right to Sue in Hunter v Canary Wharf (1999) 7 Torts LJ 155.
9 Brent v Haddon (1619) Cro Jac 555, 79 ER 476; Broder v Salliard (1876) 2 Ch D 692(Ch); Pemberton v Bright [1960] 1 All ER 792 (CA). See also Torette House Pty Ltd v Berkman (1939) 62 CLR 637, 659 (Dixon J).
12 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, s 19; Confetti Records v Warner Music [2003] EWHC 1274 (Ch), [2003] ECDR 31 [157]; L Bently and B Sherman, Intellectual Property Law (3rd edn, OUP 2009) 257; J Mundy, Lost Art (Tate 2013) 87.
Either use A or B. Do not switch from one to another – be consistent!
Briefly identify the source and provide a cross-citation in brackets to the first footnote in which the full citation can be found. For example:
If the subsequent reference is in a footnote immediately following a footnote containing the same citation, you can use the latin term ‘ibid’ meaning 'in the same place'. For example:
Here are some additional examples:
1 Austin v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2009] UKHL 5, [2009] AC 564.
2 ibid [34] (Lord Hope), [39] (Lord Scott).
...
7 Austin (n 1).
8 Robert Stevens, Tort and Rights (OUP 2007).
...
26 Stevens (n 8) 110.
27 ibid 112-14.
Give the full citation every time a source is referenced. Here are some examples:
1 Austin v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2009] UKHL 5, [2009] AC 564.
2 Austin v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2009] UKHL 5, [2009] AC 564, [34] (Lord Hope).
1 Robert Stevens, Tort and Rights (OUP 2007) 45.
2 Robert Stevens, Tort and Rights (OUP 2007) 47.
...
6 Robert Stevens, Tort and Rights (OUP 2007) 58.
'Ibid' which means 'in the same place' can be used to repeat a citation in the immediately previous footnote. Ibid on its own means strictly 'in the same place' while 'ibid 12' means 'in the same work but this time at page 12'.
Here is an example:
1 Robert Stevens, Tort and Rights (OUP 2007) 26.
2 ibid 31.
The pinpoint for a case is usually a page number, but if a case has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number instead. Paragraph numbers should be indicated by square brackets, except for EU cases.
For other materials use 'pt' when pinpointing a part, 'ch' for chapter and 'para' for paragraph.
Page numbers stand alone without 'p' or 'pp' as a prefix.
If you are citing a chapter, part, paragraph or page number, insert a comma before the number.
Here are some examples:
2 Roberts v Gable [2006] EWHC 1025 (QB), [2006] EMLR 23, 26.
3 Nikken Kosakusho Works v Pioneer Trading Co [2005] EWCA Civ 906, [2006] FSR 4 [13]-[19].
4 Case C-176/03 Commission v Council [2005] ECR I-7879, paras 47-48.
5 Department for International Development, Eliminating World Poverty: Building our Common Future (Cm 7656, 2009), ch 5.
6 Halsbury's Laws (5th edn, 2010) vol 57, para 53.
7 J Young, 'The Constitutional Limits of Judicial Activism: Judicial Conduct of International Relations and Child Abduction' (2003) 66 MLR 823, 825.
Here are some examples:
The Chief Justice explained that this power 'is not limited to defence against aggression from a foreign nation'.61
Bix raises the question, 'What is the point of a dissent, after all, at least on the highest court of the jurisdiction, if the law simply is whatever the majority on that court says it is?'22
Present quotations longer than three lines as a separate paragraph, indented both on the left and right. Do not use quotation marks around the quote, except for single quotation marks around quotations within quotations. Leave a line space either side of the indented quotation.
Here is an example:
Lord Hoffmann reasoned as follows:
Any comments on a quotation, such as emphasis added, should be in the footnote.
When intervening text is missing from a quotation, or if it ends mid-sentence, use an ellipsis (...) to indicate that some of the original text is missing.
More information about incorporating quotations is available in the document OSCOLA: Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (4th edn).
]]>Here are some examples:
1925-27
1965-75
If the years span centuries, give the final year in full.
Here are some examples:
1871-1914
1989-2001
Abbreviations that are part of everday legal usage do not need to be included in the list of abbreviations.
The list of abbreviations comes before the tables. The order of the tables should generally be:
Unless there are very few non England and Wales cases and legislation, divide the tables into seperate sections for different jurisdictions.
When compiling a table of cases:
When compiling a table of legislation:
You do not need to italicize foreign words that are in common usage in legal English, such as ultra vires, stare decisis, obiter dicta or ratio decidendi.
]]>If the work has two authors, give both in your citation (if you are including author names in your citation) and reference.
[1] N. Jenkins and J.B. Ekanayake, Renewable Energy Engineering. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Jenkins and Ekanayake [1, p.334] note the approximate power density of renewable energy resources.
A description of the tides using harmonic constituents can be found in Jenkins and Ekanayake [1].
If you are citing a work with three or more authors in your text and want to include author names, just give the first author's name and use et al. (and others) to indicate that there are more authors.
In your references list at the end of your work, you should provide the initials and family names of all the authors listed, up to a maximum of six. If there are seven or more authors, you can just give the first author's initials and family name and use et al. (and others) to indicate that there are more than six authors.
[1] X. Zhang, H. Chi, X. Zhang, S. Zheng, X. Jin and J. Yao, "Instantaneous Microwave Frequency Measurement Using an Optical Phase Modulator," in IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 422-424, June 2009, doi: 10.1109/LMWC.2009.2020046.
[2] G. Li. et al., "Photonic Scheme for the Generation of Background-Free Phase-Coded Microwave Pulses and Dual-Chirp Microwave Waveforms," in IEEE Photon. J., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1-8, April 2021, Art no. 5500408, doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2021.3070970.
As noted by Zhang et al. [1]...
Research by Li et al. [2] suggests that...
All the information you need to reference a book is usually on the front and back of the title page. This is normally one of the first pages inside the book and has the copyright information on the reverse.
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation used in the reference example and use the same in your own book reference.
[1] M. Nahvi, Electric Circuits. 6th ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Education, 2014.
[2] T. Burton, N. Jenkins, D. Sharpe, E. Bossanyi and M. Graham, Wind Energy Handbook. 3rd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2021.
For a full explanation of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law see [1].
Burton et al. [2, p.720] detail the typical UK distribution transformer and earthing arrangements.
Most of the information you need to reference a book is usually on the front and back of the title page. This is normally one of the first pages inside the book and has the copyright information on the reverse.
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation used in the reference example and use the same in your own book reference.
[1] W.L. Seely, "Class A Amplifiers," in RF and Microwave Handbook, 2nd ed. M. Golio and J. Golio, Eds. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2008, ch.19, pp. 19-1 - 19-25.
The main advantages of class A amplifiers have been summarized [1].
Standard abbreviations may be applied to the conference name. For a table of common abbreviations, see page 21-24 of the IEEE Referencing Guide.
Your reference should include:
If there are more than 6 authors, use et al. after the first.
Please pay attention to the punctuation used in the reference example and use the same in your own book reference.
[1] A. Abduljabar, X. Yang, D. Barrow, and A. Porch, "Microstrip split ring resonator for microsphere detection and characterization," in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., Phoenix, AZ, USA, 2015, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/MWSYM.2015.7166726.
Microwave sensors, based on microstrip split resonators, have been developed and tested [1].
When quoting or discussing content generated by an AI service such as Copilot, you must cite and reference this in your work. You should also acknowledge when you have used responses to prompts you have entered into a Generative AI tool such as Copilot to write/produce parts of your assignment on your behalf.
If you are going to use Gen AI services such as Copilot in your assessed work, please first check with your School what type of use is permitted. Also bear in mind that you should:
Due to the generative nature of the content produced, it is not possible for a reader to follow up or replicate the information. So, when discussing content derived from a Generative AI tool such as Copilot, you should reference it in a similar way as a personal communication as illustrated in the tutorial. Include the reference number in square brackets as an in-text citation. Then in the reference list, ensure you state the name of the tool you used to generate the content and the year.
Check with your School to find out how you should discuss or quote prompts and responses in your work. It may be appropriate, in your submitted text, to note the prompts you used to generate relevant learning material in your text.
In an essay on the benefits of AI in education, for example, you might write:
Microsoft Copilot [1] was asked the following question: ‘what are the benefits of using Copilot for study?’ The response from Copilot included the suggestion that it can assist students by providing quick access to information on their topic and suggesting sources. However, when this initial question was refined to ‘how effective is Copilot at providing references to academic sources?’ [2], the response suggested that any sources provided by the service should be verified independently by the user.
In your references list include:
The above example refers to a response from Copilot and makes use of the material by paraphrasing it. If you are copying directly from a response, you should indicate this is a direct quotation in accordance with the guidance for quotations as illustrated in the tutorial.
For the purposes of submitting work for anonymous marking, students may replace their name with their student number.
For longer prompts/conversations, you could also include a transcript or screenshot in an appendix.
[1] OpenAI ChatGPT, “ChatGPT response to Joanne Smith”. Mar. 23, 2023.
[3] Microsoft Copilot, "Copilot response to C123456". Sep. 10, 2025.
If you are referencing content generated using AI by others rather than yourself, you can reference this according to the type of source in which it was found.
For example, if you are incorporating an AI generated image found on a web site, you should reference it as per the advice found in the Images, tables or diagrams guidance. If quoting or paraphrasing text generated by others which has been reported in a book or journal article, follow the advice for those sources.
In all cases, ensure you make it clear that you are quoting or discussing AI rather than human generated content.
[3] E. Griffith, “A pug driving a Mini Cooper underwater generated by Dall-E” PC Mag.com. https://uk.pcmag.com/graphic-design/143293/which-ai-creates-the-best-and-most-terrifying-art (accessed: Apr. 12, 2023).
Figure 1: A pug driving a Mini cooper underwater reproduced from [3]
Related examples
Your reference should include:
If there are more than 6 authors, use et al. after the first.
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own journal article reference.
The IEEE style requires you to abbreviate the journal title in your reference. You can find lists of abbreviated titles here:
[1] W. Zhang et al., "Mode division multiplexing communication using microwave orbital angular momentum: An experimental study," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.16, no.2, pp. 1308-1318, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2016.2645199.
The OAM-MDM system has been mathematically analysed in comparison with LOS MIMO solutions [1].
Some journals use article numbers instead of page numbers.
Your reference should include:
If there are more than 6 authors, use et al. after the first.
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own journal article reference.
The IEEE style requires you to abbreviate the journal title in your reference. You can find lists of abbreviated titles here:
[1] D. Slocombe, A. Porch, E. Bustarret, and O.A. Williams, "Microwave properties of nanodiamond particles," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 102, no. 24, Jun. 2013, Art. no. 244102, doi: 10.1063/1.4809823.
Slocombe et al. investigated the dielectric properties of nanodiamond powders [1].
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own lecture notes reference.
[1] A. Valera Medina. (2021). Ammonia for Propulsion [Online]. Available: https://learningcentral.cf.ac.uk/
Recent developments in the use of ammonia as a fuel have seen it being used alongside hydrogen to fuel a jet engine [1].
Your reference should include:
If the manual is available online, also include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own manual reference.
[1] National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA. LabVIEW: Getting started with LabVIEW. (2013). Accessed: Aug. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available:https://www.ni.com/pdf/manuals/373427j.pdf
The signal type was changed following instructions on page 1-6 of the user manual [1].
Most patents will have a publication date listed close to the patent number, use this for the date in your reference.
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own patent reference.
[1] M.J. Vos, "Untethered device employing tunable resonant circuit," U.S. Patent US7436164B2, Oct. 14, 2008.
The patent for a similar device [1] demonstrates...
Your reference should include:
If the report is available online also include:
If there are more than 6 authors, use et al. after the first.
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own journal article reference.
[1] P. Taylor et al., "Internet of Things: realising the potential of a trusted smart world," Roy. Acad. Eng., London, United Kingdom, 2018. Accessed: Jul. 22, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.raeng.org.uk/publications/reports/internet-of-things-realising-the-potential-of-a-tr
A 2018 report by the Royal Academy of Engineering [1] listed key factors that should be considered when developing an IoT system.
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own software reference.
[1] LabVIEW 2020. (2020). National Instruments. Accessed: Aug. 2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.ni.com/en-gb/shop/labview.html
Visualisations were run using LabVIEW [1].
Your reference should include:
[1] IEEE Standard Technical Specifications of a DC Quick Charger for Use with Electric Vehichles, IEEE Std 2030.1.1-2015, 2016.
The charger design adheres to the standard technical specifications for DC quick chargers for electric vehicles [1].
Your reference should include:
If the thesis is available online also include:
[1] J.J. Bell, "Input harmonic and mixing behavioural model analysis," PhD Thesis, Dept. Electron. Eng., Cardiff Univ., Cardiff, Wales, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/64151/
Previous research has detailed methods for updating HF measurement systems and CAD model implementations so that mixing models can be measured [1].
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own video reference.
[1] MATLAB. How to Speed up MATLAB Code. (June. 25, 2019). Accessed: Jul. 29, 2021. [Online video]. Available: https://youtube.com/watch?v=dXo191HvvY0
The tic toc function [1] was used to speed up the code.
If a webpage has no personal author you can use the corporate author e.g., National Instruments.
Your reference should include:
Please pay attention to the punctuation and formatting used in the reference example and use the same in your own webpage reference.
[1] National Instruments. "LabVIEW Environment Basics." ni.com. http://www.ni.com/getting-started/labview-basics/environment (accessed Jul. 28, 2021).
[2] R. Harrabin. "Can cars be used as mini power stations?" bbc.co.uk. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-42876343 (accessed Jul. 28, 2021).
Trials have shown that electric vehicles can be used to return energy to the power grid at peak usage times [2].
Confensiynau enwi'r Awdur mewn iath heblaw'r Saesneg
Cronfa ddata Gemegol neu Gyffuriau
Cyfeirnodi eilaidd, neu gyfeirio at awduron nad ydych chi wedi darllen eu gwaith gwreiddiol
Deunyddiau nad ydyn nhw’n Saesneg
Sawl ffynhonnell wedi’u cyhoeddi gan yr un awdur
Achos cyfreithiol / dyfarniad (DU)
Arluniadau pensaerniol (heb eu cyhoeddi)
Atgynhyrchiad wedi'i olygu o'r gwaith gwreiddiol
Deallusrwydd Artiffisial (AI) (gweler gwasanaethau cynhyrchiol)
Erthygl cyfnodolyn ôl-argraffu, e.e. ORCAPoster
Erthygl mewn cyfnodolyn ar-lein yn unig
Ffynonellau cyfreithiol y Cenhedloedd Unedig
Ffynonellau cyfreithiol yr Undeb Ewropeaidd
Gweinyddion cyn-argraffu e.e. arXiv, BioRxiv, MedRxiv
Gwyddoniadur / cofnod geiriadur
Llys Cyfiawnder Rhyngwladol (ICJ) cases
Negeseuon ar fyrddau trafod (Dysgu Canolog)
Rhaglen gyfrifiadurol / meddalwedd / cod ffynhonnel
Tradodaethau cynhadledd / papur / cyflwyniad
Traethawd ymchwil neu draethawd hir
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